{"id":9476,"date":"2024-03-02T11:28:52","date_gmt":"2024-03-02T11:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=9476"},"modified":"2024-03-02T11:28:55","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T11:28:55","slug":"5-3-18","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/5-3-18\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u06461<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: maskineoumaima6@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj53\/18<\/p>\n

Download<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/03\/2024\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 20\/02\/2024\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

The significance of communicative linguistic competence in learning history<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oumaima Maskine1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Doctoral research student, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Rabat, Morocco. Email: maskineoumaima6@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj53\/18<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/03\/2024 Accepted at 20\/02\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

Concepts play a crucial role in the process of learning and acquiring knowledge, serving as metaphors that allow learners to transition from concrete information to abstract thinking. In the realm of learning history, historical concepts form the foundational language for studying and acquiring knowledge.<\/p>\n

psychopedagogically speaking, there is a strong bond between language, knowledge, thought, and learning. Emphasizing this connection within a complex unit places linguistic performance in a position that aligns with cognitive performance, intertwining with other mental, emotional, social, and cultural functions relevant to the learner.<\/p>\n

Language assumes a vital role in the creation, possession, access, engagement, and expression of historical knowledge. This is particularly evident within the linguistic framework of the epistemology of historical knowledge. Linguistic performance is deemed essential for consolidating and demonstrating learning simultaneously.<\/p>\n

Consequently, the necessity and significance of communicative linguistic competence extend to learning in general, and learning history, in particular. Although history is not exclusively a linguistic specialization, communicative linguistic competence has become a fundamental asset for participation in the global knowledge society. In this article, we aim to underscore the role of communicative linguistic competence in learning history due to its overarching importance in learning and teaching, both broadly and specifically within the context of history.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Linguistic and communicative competence, History didactics, Concept.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633: “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0652\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u064f \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631”( \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 1979)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a: “\u0643\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u064f \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0650\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0646\u0639\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0647” ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a ) \u0641\u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u064f\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064f\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a “\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631 (Capability)”(\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635246).<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0632 Chleranges (1971) \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644
\nTroudil (1978) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627.
\n\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 Rikson (1981) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a(\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0635209).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0644 Ducteil (1996) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629(\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063585).<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0632\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0632 (Xavier REGIERS \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621(\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c\u0635139).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645”.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646
\n\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u063523).<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0623- \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629( \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063585).<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n

\u0623- \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063538).<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 1980 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0646 Canale & Swain \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 : \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629
\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647
\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\n\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\n\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b(\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c\u06354).<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648
\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646
\n\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c\u063582).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n