{"id":7782,"date":"2023-09-01T13:36:20","date_gmt":"2023-09-01T13:36:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=7782"},"modified":"2023-09-01T17:13:54","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T17:13:54","slug":"4-9-9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/4-9-9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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1<\/sup> \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: elhudyre@gmail.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj499<\/p>\n

Download<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/09\/2023\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 10\/08\/2023\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u06452011\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2013-2014\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

State building and security challenges in Libya in the post Gaddafi era<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Abd al-Salam Al-Hudhairi 1<\/sup>, Khalid Al-Araibi 2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Faculty member, University of Benghazi, Faculty of Economics, Department of Political Science. Email: elhudyre@gmail.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Member of the faculty of the University of Benghazi, Faculty of Economics, Department of Public Administration.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj499<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/09\/2023 Accepted at 10\/08\/2023 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This article is focused on one of the current and most significant political problems in the Middle East, namely conflict in Libya. Libya has continued to experience an escalation of violence across the country, even after the successful revolution against Gaddafi. Since the collapse of the Gaddafi regime in 2011, there have been several attempts to restore the country, which have not been successful. These attempts are examined in three phases: The first phase is from 2011 to mid-2012, which marks the immediate period after the end of the Gaddafi regime. The second phase is the period of 2013-2014, during which the transitional government attempted to create a new constitution and hold elections for the General National Congress. The third phase is the post-Skhirat Agreement signed in December 2015. Deriving from these points, this article examines the conditions for successful state-building in Libya in the post-Gaddafi Era by highlighting the weaknesses of these state-building attempts. It is argued that for successful state-building in Libya, <\/strong>there should be institutions that create collaboration within the state through the role of civil society, prosecution, and convictions based upon restorative justice, payment of reparations in a comprehensive form, and the pursuit of truth based on the needs of the victims. The article concludes that these conditions could contribute to democratization in the country in the future, which was the main objective behind the Libyan Revolution.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Libyan Revolution, state-building, post-Gaddafi era. Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration, Translational Justice<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2013-2014\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/ \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u200b\u200b\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 <\/strong>\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a<\/strong>: \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

2- \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong>: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628: <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 Harris)\u060c 2017)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 (Connor\u060c 2000).<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 (\u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 Whaites) (2008:<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (2007: Dobbins et al).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 (Brownlee)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. (2007: Brownlee).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u200b\u200b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u200b\u200b\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (Wardak: 2004). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 2012 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1951-1969). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 200 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2012\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 (Blanchard \u060c 2016).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 (\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2014\u060c 18\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2014.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Persson: 2012). \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 (Weber) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Weber: 2008). \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u200b\u200b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u200b\u200b\u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u200b\u200b\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (2015: Lecher). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u060c<\/strong> \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629” \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 (Blanchard: 2016). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

2: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 Silvestri) : (2018 .<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a (Fischer: 2011). \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c: (Philpott) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627: Philpott (2015: Philpott)\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 (Mac Ginty) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 Mac Ginty) : 2010)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u061f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 Ramsbotham) \u060c Miall & Woodhouse 2011:).<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2014 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 18\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644. \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 Huntington<\/strong> (2006: Huntington). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a (Scott: 2007).<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Showaia: 2014). \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong>: \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (2012: Domingo).<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (Showaia: 2014).<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 Villa-Vicencio): (2000.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d (2008: Wenzel et al) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629Moffett) 2017:).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. De Greiff) (2008:\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. (Humphrey: 2003).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a Van Lier) (2017:\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u200b\u200b\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n