{"id":3625,"date":"2022-05-01T15:35:47","date_gmt":"2022-05-01T15:35:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=3625"},"modified":"2022-05-01T15:35:51","modified_gmt":"2022-05-01T15:35:51","slug":"3-5-29","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/3-5-29\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 1<\/sup> \u062f. \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a 2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0623 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 3<\/p>\n

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ORCID : 0000-0002-3317-5814<\/strong><\/p>\n

2<\/sup>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0623 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 3<\/p>\n

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ORCID : 0000-0001-6590-7365<\/strong><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(5); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3529<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/05\/2022\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 10\/04\/2022\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

The importance of using scientific research tools in information and communication sciences<\/strong><\/p>\n

(questionnaire, interview, observation, tests)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr . Baya Si youcef1<\/sup> Dr. Dalila Cherifi1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> professor lecturer A in faculty of information and communication sciences, University of Algiers 3<\/p>\n

E-mail : mimi140700@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

ORCID : 0000-0002-3317-5814<\/strong><\/p>\n

2 <\/sup>Professor lecturer A in faculty of information and communication sciences, University of Algiers 3<\/p>\n

E-mail : cherifi_dalila@outlook.fr<\/strong><\/p>\n

ORCID : 0000-0001-6590-7365<\/strong><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(5); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3529<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/05\/2022 Accepted at 10\/04\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

The subject of the study deals with the importance of using scientific research tools in the sciences of information and communication and the characteristics and advantages of these research tools, in terms of highlighting the role they play in preparing scientific research for a group of researchers interested in the basics of scientific research and the methods of its foundation in collecting data and information about the phenomenon or a group of studied phenomena .<\/p>\n

Therefore, through this study, the researcher focused on presenting the most used research tools in the field of information and communication sciences, in order to examine their compatibility with the nature of the data that leads to them. It is a serious attempt that seeks to choose research tools that are appropriate to the nature of the problem being addressed, the general objective of the research, and the research method chosen to implement this research so that it can prove hypotheses or answer questions, and then interpret the results.<\/p>\n

The study reached substantial results, the most important of which is that the questionnaire and interview are the most appropriate and most widely used research tools in human survey and exploratory research.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>scientific research – information and communication sciences – questionnaire – interview – observation – test.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n

1-\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 : <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u060c\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

-\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

-\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/p>\n

-\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u061f<\/p>\n

-\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

2-\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 : <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

-\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n

-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

3-\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0625\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n

4-\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

-\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a”\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b”(\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c1995\u060c \u063513)<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c(Roger mucchielli,2006 ,p17)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

I.\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629”\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a”\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

I.1-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628(questionnaire)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u061f\u060c\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 Good \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647”\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646”(\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c1990\u060c \u0635208)<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 Rumell \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628”\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 Best \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a”\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646”\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u0647\u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629”<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 Good \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u064a “\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647”<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642 “\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b”\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629” \u0641\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u060c\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

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I.1.1–<\/sup>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a \u060c1984\u060c \u063589).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

I.2.1–<\/sup>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647 : <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n