{"id":3203,"date":"2022-03-01T13:47:51","date_gmt":"2022-03-01T13:47:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=3203"},"modified":"2022-03-01T13:48:28","modified_gmt":"2022-03-01T13:48:28","slug":"3-3-20","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/3-3-20\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0645.\u062f. \u0631\u063a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06451<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641, \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3320<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u00a0<\/strong>
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/03\/2022\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 23\/02\/2022\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

The meaning in linguistic schools<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lec. Dr. Raghad Abed Abu Jasim1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Ministry of Education, General Directorate of Education of Najaf, Najaf, Iraq.<\/p>\n

Email: ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3320<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/03\/2022 Accepted at 23\/02\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

The Concept of meaning according to linguistic schools: A language is basically Sounds that express meanings Given this, the core of the linguistic research is built upon studying the relationship of words and their meaning and since know ledge in general is nothing but thoughts and meanings accord by words. That is why it has been the focus of various studies carried and by linguists, critics, jurists, philosophers, logicians. And psychologists. Such linguistic and thoughts exchange studies. Moreover, studying meaning is not restricted to language study alone and is not limited to a particular time. Thus, paying attention to meaning is one of the oldest intellectual human concerns, though its study varies in accordance with the different point of views and the different Lingui she schools.<\/p>\n

Where does meaning lie? Is it in the human mind or in the society in which the speaker of the language lives? Or could the meaning exist separately out of the components that contribute to be dispensed or overpassed altogether?<\/p>\n

In order to answer these questions, we need to bear in mind certain points. A linguist, for instance, deal with a language which is governed by certain rules that an astronomer is unable to understand its dimension, because does not describe his world. So in order to combine the linguist and the world he describes it is necessary to establish a unique relationship that connects them to gather. Sun a relation is based on what is known as perception since meaning, according to philosophers and linguists, is subject to the way we realize it thus, I have answered the a above mentioned questions through investigating the view paths regarding meaning as that though, at the first, the linguistic in their approach to meaning seem completely independent of each other. It is quite the opposite as there are links between them to the extent of over lapping, influencing, and being influenced. A specially when it comes to meaning.<\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/h1>\n

<\/a>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/h1>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 ( \u062a 395 \u0647\u0640 ) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 ( \u0639\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0627 ) \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a \u060c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 ( \u0639\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 ) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0641\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 ( \u0639\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0646 ) \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 . \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0648 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f ) (<\/sup>[1]<\/a>)<\/sup> . ” \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u061f \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 ” (<\/sup>[2]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 :” \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0650 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0650\u062d\u0652\u0646\u064e\u062a\u064f\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064c \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0627 \u060c \u0623\u064e\u0631\u062f\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064f\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u062a\u064f\u0647 \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0635\u0650\u062f\u064f\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 : \u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u0627\u0629\u0650 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0650 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0643 \u0623\u064e\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u064f\u0631\u0651\u064f \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0648\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0641\u0634 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064f\u0647 ” (<\/sup>[3]<\/a>)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 ( \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646 ) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 ( \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 ) 1923 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a (<\/sup>[4]<\/a>)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 :<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a .<\/p>\n

2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u061b \u0623\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

3 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a (<\/sup>[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a :<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 .<\/p>\n

2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 . \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u061b \u0641\u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n

3 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

4 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a .<\/p>\n

5 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0626\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a ( \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 ) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u061b \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627(<\/sup>[6]<\/a>)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 .<\/p>\n

<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n

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\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627:<\/p>\n

1- \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

3 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u061b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u0644(<\/sup>[8]<\/a>)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n

<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n

<\/a>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 :<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 ( F.de. Saussure ) \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 ” signe ” (<\/sup>[9]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 ” signifiant ” \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 ” signifie ” \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 ” \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631” \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 ” significtion ” \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c(<\/sup>[10]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. .. (<\/sup>[11]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u2013 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630 ” \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a “.(<\/sup>[12]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a (<\/sup>[13]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b ( \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 ) (<\/sup>[14]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u060c \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 ( mouton ) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 ( \u062e\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u060c \u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0636\u0623\u0646 ) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 ( sheep ) \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0649 ( \u062e\u0631\u0648\u0641 ) \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 ( sheep ) \u0648 ( mouton ) \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (<\/sup>[15]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: ” \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 “\u060c(<\/sup>[16]<\/a> )<\/sup> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 ” Linguistique ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u063a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 ) \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 . \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 .<\/p>\n

2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 .<\/p>\n

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1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a : (syntagmatic) \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 – \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0642 – \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u061b \u0622\u062e\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

2-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a : ( paradigmatic ) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a (opposition). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a 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\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c ) \u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a . \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 : \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u2190\/ \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644 \/ \u0648\u0644\u062f \/ \u0627\u0644 \/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 .<\/p>\n

2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a : \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a ( \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a ( \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 ) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (<\/sup>[21]<\/a>)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640 ( \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a ) \u061b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 . \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1936 ( \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645) \u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a (<\/sup>[22]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u061b \u0625\u0630 ” \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 ” (<\/sup>[23]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 ) \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 ) .<\/p>\n

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S \u2192r \u2026\u2026\u2026s \u2192 R<\/p>\n

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<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1960\u0645 \u06481965\u0645 . \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0640\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u061b \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 : \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u060c \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0650 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064f\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (<\/sup>[37]<\/a>)<\/sup> . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 (competence) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 (performance) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u061b \u0638\u0644\u0651\u064e \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 … \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u2013 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u2013 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 ” ([38]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/sup> \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 ( \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a(<\/sup>[39]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a : \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0640 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a : \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a. \u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 (composante) :<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0641\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635(<\/sup>[49]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 . \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062b \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 ” \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646 ” \u0648 ” \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 “\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627The Meaning of Meaning \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 ” \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 (\u0628\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629(<\/sup>[50]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a ” \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f ” \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646(<\/sup>[51]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 ” \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062b ” – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627(<\/sup>[52]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0646 ” \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 “\u0640 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 – \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a(<\/sup>[53]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 : ” \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 – \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 – \u0628\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0647 “(<\/sup>[54]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 ” \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 “.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062f\u0651 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: ” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 – \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 – \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 “(<\/sup>[55]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 <\/strong>“\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a” \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 ” \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062b ” \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a “\u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1 – \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a” \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639 -\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627- \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a .<\/p>\n

2 – \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0647 .<\/p>\n

3 – \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e ([56]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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<\/h1>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u0648\u062d \u060c \u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 2000 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062f . \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u060c 1997\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u0632 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1986\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u060c \u062f \u062a .<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c 1981\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0637 10 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u060c 1986\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 145 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1990 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c 1414 \u0647\u0640 – 1993 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u060c \u06376 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 2006 \u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u060c 1986\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a – \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u060c \u062f . \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1994 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062f \u062a .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u060c \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 : \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u064a \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u060c 1998 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u060c\u0637 1 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 – \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u062f \u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c 2005 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u062c \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 1950 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 1984\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c 2004 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c 2001 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1985\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1980\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c 1996 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u063a\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u060c \u0637 8 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u060c 2007 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0644 \u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 24 \u060c 2015\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 1990 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u060c 1974\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0637 2 \u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 2010\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 : \u062f . \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 1985 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u060c 2006 \u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u060c \u062f. \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1400\u0647\u0640 1980\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 : 198 \u2013 199 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. ) \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a : 2 \/ 497 \u2013 498 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. ) \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 : 15 \/ 101 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u063a\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 : \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a : 11 \u2013 12 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 : 36 \u2013 39 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d : 13 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 : 109 \u2013 110 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. ) \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634: 193 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 : 193 \u2013 196 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. ) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 : 87 \u2013 89 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. ) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u0632 : 113 \u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 : 225. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. ) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 : 150 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  12. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 : 145 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062f . \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 : 303 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  13. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0648 :31 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  14. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631 :60 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 : 143 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  15. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 121 \u2013 122 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  16. ) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 : 138 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628 : 184 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  17. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a : 12 \u2013 13 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  18. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 : 303 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  19. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a : 16 \u2013 17 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  20. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 : 236 \u2013 238 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  21. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a : 18 \u2013 19 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  22. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 138 \u2013 145 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  23. ) \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 171 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a : 21 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  25. ) \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 207 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  26. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : 46 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  27. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 :\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 : 278 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  28. ) \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : 47 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  29. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 : 193 \u2013 196 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  30. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 : 278 \u2013 279 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  31. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : 51 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  32. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 245\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 : 196. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  33. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : 53 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 :\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 241 \u2013 242 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  34. ) \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : 54 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  35. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a : 242 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  36. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062f . \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 : 305 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a : 116 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  37. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a : 76 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  38. ) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0632 : 29 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  39. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a : 76 – 77 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  40. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a : 80 \u2013 81 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  41. ) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 : 13. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  42. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a – \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u060c \u062f . \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631 : 52 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  43. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u060c \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a : 60 \u2013 61 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  44. ) \u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062f . \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0627 : 322 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  45. ) \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u060c \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a : 61 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  46. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u062f . \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 : 68 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  47. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u062f . \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 : 170 \u2013 171 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  48. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 : 310 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  49. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u062c \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 : 228 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  50. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 : 73 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  51. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 : 243 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  52. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062f. \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 : 86 \u2013 87 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  53. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 : 66 \u2013 67 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  54. ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 : 62 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  55. ) \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631 : 80. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  56. ) \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 : 252 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631 : 77 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a : 120 \u2013 121 \u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u060c \u062f. \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 : 85 \u2013 87 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  57. ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u062f . \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 : 72 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  58. \n

    ) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f. \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0644 : 318 . \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0645.\u062f. \u0631\u063a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06451 1 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641, \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq HNSJ, 2022, 3(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3320 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/03\/2022\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3203","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3203"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3218,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3203\/revisions\/3218"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}