{"id":2113,"date":"2021-11-07T20:51:23","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T20:51:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=2113"},"modified":"2021-11-07T20:51:28","modified_gmt":"2021-11-07T20:51:28","slug":"2-11-28","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/2-11-28\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u0644\u064a1<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ettouil.abdellaziz@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(11); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21128<\/p>\n

\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/11\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 23\/10\/2021\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/a>Research Article <\/strong><\/p>\n

The concept of literacy: conceptual limitations, introductions, foundations and purposes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abdullah Ghli1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, University<\/p>\n

IBN TOFAIL, Kenitra, Morocco;<\/p>\n

Email :ettouil.abdellaziz@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(11); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21128<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/11\/2021 Accepted at 23\/10\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This study is a “a literacy concept: A Terminology Study,” is one of the researches that are attracted to minds and pens in many fields of knowledge, and in the forefront of interest that is only because the concept of literacy is one of the essential entry points for the resumption of the scientific movement, which requires an effort to understand its principles and purposes, and to benefit from it in a manner consistent with the Islamic knowledge perception and its system of civilizational values . the most important feature of this article is that it has provided a model for research into “a conceptual study of the concept of the concept of the of literacy” with the prescribed curriculum.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a “\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628”\u060c\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621: \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648\u00a0\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0625\u0650\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0645\u062d\u0648: \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u060c\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0648\u0628: \u063a\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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“\u0645\u062d\u0648” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d:<\/p>\n

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“\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d :<\/strong><\/p>\n

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“\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647: “\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629”[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: “\u0625\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628”[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a ” \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u060c\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643:\u00a0\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629”[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f ” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 = L’analphab\u00e9tisme ” \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 L’analphab\u00e9tisme\u00a0est l’incapacit\u00e9 ou la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 lire, \u00e9crire et compter, le plus souvent par manque d’apprentissage.<\/p>\n

\u0648”\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 = alphab\u00e9tisme” \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 L’alphab\u00e9tisme se d\u00e9finit \u00e0 la fois comme la capacit\u00e9 de lire et d’\u00e9crire son propre nom, et celle de lire et de comprendre des articles de journaux, de revues ou d’encyclop\u00e9dies dont le niveau de complexit\u00e9 d\u00e9passe souvent le niveau d’acquisition moyen d’une dixi\u00e8me ann\u00e9e scolaire.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645: <\/strong>\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0645:1\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649\u200f:\u200f\u200f”\u200f\u0648\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0623\u064f\u0648\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0647\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0652\u200f”\u200f[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>. 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\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 “\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629”: <\/strong>\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648:<\/p>\n

“\u0623\u0645\u064a “: “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 “. \u062b\u0645 ” \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647”[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: ” \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: ” \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a”[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: “\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647”[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 ” \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: “\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a”. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629:” \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a”. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627: ” \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645”. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642: ” \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.”<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>” \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623 \u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup> “.<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0642\u06451: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) : \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0623\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0642\u06452: \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a” \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 [40]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>. \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0642\u06454: \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0642\u06455: \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628…<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1965) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 : “\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f”\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u201d\u0628\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u201c (1975) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 : \u201d\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u201c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0636\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 .<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 “\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: _\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629_ ” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a “\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629” \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648 ( 1998 )\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f \u0637\u060c \u0635 22\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

_ \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631: \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 2004 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a : \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c 12 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 1990 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a: \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627. 2005 \u060c \u0635 306 – \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627 2004<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644: ). \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 16\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c 1985 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 1992- 2001\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 1997.<\/p>\n

_ \u0625\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 1979 .<\/p>\n

_ \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 78 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 .<\/p>\n

_ \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a ” \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 “\u061b \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645:3\/2012.<\/p>\n

_ \u0634\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u060c\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629:\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1999 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 : “\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 27 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 12 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 1985 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 1998.<\/p>\n

_ \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1986 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646. – \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n

_ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 18\/4-16\/5\/1983\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 1983.<\/p>\n

_ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642)\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2000.<\/p>\n

_ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

_ \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 8 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1991 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 (\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2).<\/p>\n

_ \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 “\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0623\u0645\u064a” \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0645\u062d\u0627”<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 152 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2005 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c 17 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 4<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c 1888 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629” \u0645\u062d\u0648”<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997.<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a )\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u2013\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1983 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c 2006.<\/p>\n

_ \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631: \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 1998.<\/p>\n

_ \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f: \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1995.<\/p>\n

_ \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646(\u062f\u062a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 12 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a 1987 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c ” \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ” \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 1996.<\/p>\n

_ \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1888.<\/p>\n

_ \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a :\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c 1974.<\/p>\n

_ \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637 : \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 2007 \/2008 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1992 .<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c2004.<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629(146)\/ \u00a0Confucius, The Analects, \/ Chinese Literature Comprising The Analects of Confucius, The Sayings of Mencius, The Shi-King, The Travels of F\u00e2-Hien, and The Sorrows of Han<\/p>\n

_ \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 1998 \u0645.<\/p>\n

– L\u2019UNESCO, Monographie sur l’Education de base, L’Analphab\u00e9tisme dans divers pays, Etude statistique<\/p>\n

-pr\u00e9liminaire sur la base de recensement effectuer de puis, 1900, UNESCO , sans date, p 11.<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 WiKiageing.Org<\/p>\n

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    \n
  1. \n

    “\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628” \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0645\u062d\u0627”\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621: \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647.\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621:15 \u0635:271. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. – \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635 215 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. – \u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1888 \u060c \u0635 338 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. – \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646(\u062f\u062a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635: 215\u061b. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. – \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628”\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0623\u0645\u064a” \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0635 215. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. – \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 18\/4-16\/5\/1983\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 1983\u060c \u06353 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. – \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997 \u060c \u0635 49 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. – \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 256 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. – \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u063544 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. – \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642)\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2000\u060c \u063531 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. – \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997 \u060c \u0635 39 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  12. _ \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997 \u060c \u063562 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  13. – \u062f\/ \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a: \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0635 207 2. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  14. – \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 87 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  15. – \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629: 20\u061b \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  16. – \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629: 2\u061b \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  17. – \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 :158\u061b \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  18. – \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629:78\u061b \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  19. – \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c 17 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 4 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  20. – \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629:78\u061b \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  21. – \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 78 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  22. – \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a : \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c 12 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 1990 \u060c \u0635 34 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  23. – \u062f\/ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1992 \u060c \u0635 :151 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. – \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629)146)\/ \u00a0Confucius, The Analects, \/ Chinese Literature Comprising The Analects of Confucius, The Sayings of Mencius, The Shi-King, The Travels of F\u00e2-Hien, and The Sorrows of Han \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  25. – \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0635:375 _ 379 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  26. – L\u2019UNESCO, Monographie sur l’Education de base, L’Analphab\u00e9tisme dans divers pays, Etude statistique pr\u00e9liminaire sur la base de recensement effectuer de puis, 1900, UNESCO , sans date, p 11. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  27. – \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c 2006 \u060c \u0635 157 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  28. – \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a ( 1998 )\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f \u0637\u060c \u0635 22\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  29. – \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c 2006 \u060c \u0635 159 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  30. – \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635159 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  31. – \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 152 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2005 \u060c \u0635 43 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  32. – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 12 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a 1987 \u060c \u0635 79 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  33. – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644: ). \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 16\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c 1985 \u060c \u063528 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  34. – \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a )\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u2013\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1983 \u060c \u0635 83 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  35. – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u060c\u0635:24 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  36. – \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 8 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1991 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 (\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  37. – \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f : \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1995\u060c \u063524 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  38. – \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 1992- 2001\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 1997\u060c \u063522 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  39. – \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631: \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 2004 \u060c \u0635 54 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  40. – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627. 2005 \u060c \u0635 306 – \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627 2004 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  41. _ \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637 : \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631(\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 2007 \/2008) \u060c \u0635 24 \u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 1998 \u0645 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  42. – \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a ” \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 “\u061b \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645:3\/2012\u061b\u0635:17\u061b18. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  43. – \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 : \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 1998\u060c \u063552. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  44. – \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 : ” \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 “\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 27 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 12 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 1985 \u060c \u0635 12 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  45. \n

    – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c ” \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ” \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 1996\u060c \u0635149\u060c 167. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u0644\u064a1 1 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ettouil.abdellaziz@gmail.com HNSJ, 2021, 2(11); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21128 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/11\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 23\/10\/2021\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 “\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2113","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2113"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2126,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2113\/revisions\/2126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}