{"id":18000,"date":"2026-10-01T09:31:46","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T09:31:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-10-27\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T17:35:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T17:35:30","slug":"7-10-27","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-10-27\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 27"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: aboamjdmn1969@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Mustafa Adnan Saleh Al-Hamdani\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Doctoral Researcher, Department of Basic Islamic Sciences, Institute of Graduate Studies, Yalova University, Turkey.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> aboamjdmn1969@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/27' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/27<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/27' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/27<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (10). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 491 - 504<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue10\/7-10-27.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A. S.. (2026). The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Hamdani, Mustafa Adnan Saleh. 2026. \\&quot;The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Hamdani, M. A. S.. 2026. The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-10-01. [Cited 2026-10-21]. 7(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-27\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Hamdani, M. A. S.. The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-10-01; 7(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/27&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Hamdani, M. A. S., \\&quot;The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/27&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Hamdani, Mustafa Adnan Saleh. \\&quot;The Aesthetics of Description in the Letters of Sayyid Abdullah al-Alusi: An Artistic and Stylistic Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/27&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645. \u0639. \u0635. 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\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the aesthetics of description in the letters of Sayyid Abdullah ibn Mahmud al-Alusi, identifying its subjects, artistic and rhetorical techniques, and functions in shaping epistolary discourse. It also reconsiders perceptions that reduce Arabic literature of the Ottoman period to stagnation and limited creativity. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach to selected letters depicting rainfall and the flooding of the Tigris River, Baghdad\u2019s gardens in spring, and the telegraph. The analysis explores artistic imagery, linguistic and rhythmic structures, and their relationship to the writer\u2019s emotional experience. The findings reveal that description serves a structural and semantic function in al-Alusi\u2019s letters, moving beyond the recording of events and appearances to reshape reality into vivid literary scenes. Its aesthetic qualities draw on personification, metaphor, simile, imaginative representation, and sensory interplay, alongside Qur\u2019anic quotation, rhymed prose, parallelism, and antithesis. These techniques enrich meaning and strengthen rhythm and expressive impact. The study also reveals the intertwining of natural description with nostalgia and recollection, as well as the writer\u2019s ability to employ inherited rhetorical techniques to portray modern inventions and make their functions accessible to readers, as exemplified by his description of the telegraph. The study concludes that al-Alusi\u2019s letters demonstrate the richness of Arabic artistic prose during the Ottoman period and its capacity to accommodate contemporary subjects. They also highlight the importance of reassessing the epistolary literature of this period to uncover its literary and aesthetic value.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Abdullah al-Alusi, aesthetics of description, epistolary art, artistic imagery, Ottoman prose, telegraph.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u064c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 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justify;\">\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3 &#8211; <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631<\/strong>: \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4 &#8211; <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong>: \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 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href=\"#post-18000-footnote-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: &#8220;\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649&#8221;<sup>(<sup><a id=\"post-18000-footnote-ref-11\" href=\"#post-18000-footnote-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064c \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629. (1345\u0647\u0640\/1926\u0645). \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (\u0637. 1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Athari, Muhammad Bahjat. (1926). Notable Figures of Iraq (1st ed.). Cairo: Al-Matba\u2018ah al-Salafiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1436\u0647\u0640\/2015\u0645). \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 (\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0637. 1). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alusi, Abu al-Thana\u2019 Mahmud ibn Abdullah. (2015). The Wonders of Travel and the Delight of Minds (Ibrahim Shams al-Din, Ed.; 1st ed.). Beirut: Al-Dar al-\u2018Arabiyyah lil-Mawsu\u2018at.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2019\u0645). \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c 1851\u20131852 (\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645). \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.shoman.org.jo\/bib\/196876?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">library.shoman.org.jo<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alusi, Abu al-Thana\u2019 Mahmud ibn Abdullah. (2019). The Rapture of the Journey to Istanbul and the Ecstasy of Returning to the City of Peace, 1851\u20131852 (Haytham Sarhan, Ed. and introduction). Abu Dhabi: Dar al-Suwaydi for Publishing and Distribution; Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f [\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637]. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638: 8623.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri. (n.d.). Accounts of My Father and His Distinguished Sons [Manuscript]. Museum Library, manuscript no. 8623.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a. (2015\u0645). \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 (\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0622\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0637. 1). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645. <a href=\"https:\/\/daribnhazm.com\/Arabic\/Books\/ShowBook.aspx?bookid=3621&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">daribnhazm.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri. (2015). Masterpieces of Composition, Followed by Gardens for Readers of Contemporary Correspondence: Letters Concerning Qatar and Its Notable Figures (Khalid ibn Muhammad ibn Ghanim Al Thani, Ed.; 1st ed.). Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a. (2007\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/ncid\/BB08217335?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">ci.nii.ac.jp<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri. (2007). Fragrant Musk: Celebrating the Distinction of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Hijri Centuries (Abdullah al-Juburi, Ed.). Beirut: Al-Dar al-\u2018Arabiyyah lil-Mawsu\u2018at.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1990\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 (\u0637. 1\u060c \u062c. 1\u20132). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bin Muhammad, Ali. (1990). Andalusian Literary Prose in the Fifth Hijri Century: Its Themes and Forms (1st ed., Vols. 1\u20132). Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631. (1428\u0647\u0640\/2007\u0645). \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u062f\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0637. 1). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Taklah, Muhammad Ziyad ibn Umar. (2007). The Scholarly Transmission Register of al-Nu\u2018man al-Alusi al-Baghdadi, Together with His Authorizations to Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi and a Letter to Ishaq al-Najdi (Study and critical edition; 1st ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Basha\u2019ir al-Islamiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. (1997\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f (\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0637. 1). \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drabusulaimanlibrary.com\/bib\/5763?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">drabusulaimanlibrary.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Rawi, Muhammad Sa\u2018id. (1997). The History of Scholarly Families in Baghdad (Imad Abd al-Salam Ra\u2019uf, Ed. and annotations; 1st ed.). Baghdad: Dar al-Shu\u2019un al-Thaqafiyyah al-\u2018Ammah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f. (1898\u20131940\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631 [\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629]. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rida, Muhammad Rashid. (1898\u20131940). Al-Manar [Periodical]. Cairo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (2002\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 (\u0637. 15). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din. (2002). Notable Figures: A Biographical Dictionary of Famous Arab Men and Women, Arabists, and Orientalists (15th ed.). Beirut: Dar al-\u2018Ilm lil-Malayin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0632\u0642. (1377\u0647\u0640\/1957\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salim, Mahmud Rizq. (1957). Arabic Literature and Its History in the Mamluk, Ottoman, and Modern Periods. Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-\u2018Arabi Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0637. 1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dayf, Shawqi. (n.d.). The History of Arabic Literature: The Era of States and Emirates (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. (1377\u0647\u0640\/1958\u0645). \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/ncid\/BA72723550?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">ci.nii.ac.jp<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-\u2018Azzawi, Abbas. (1958). In Memory of Abu al-Thana\u2019 al-Alusi: His Era, Society, Scholarly, Literary, Historical, and Political Life, and His Works. Baghdad: Al-Tijarah wa-al-Tiba\u2018ah Company.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633. (1987\u0645). \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Awwad, Mikhail, &amp; Awwad, Kurkis. (1987). Epistolary Literature between al-Alusi and al-Karmali. Beirut: Dar al-Ra\u2019id al-\u2018Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f. (2016\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 38(4)\u060c 207\u2013222. <a href=\"https:\/\/search.mandumah.com\/Record\/1186065?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">search.mandumah.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ghrairi, Khalil Qasim, &amp; Amiri, Masoud. (2016). Descriptive letters and their types in the works of Imad al-Asfahani. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies, Arts and Humanities Series, 38(4), 207\u2013222.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646. (1428\u0647\u0640\/2007\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0637. 1). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Qannawji, Muhammad Siddiq Hasan Khan. (2007). The Crown Adorned with Jewels of the Achievements of Later and Earlier Generations (1st ed.). Doha: Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0632\u0643\u064a. (1352\u0647\u0640\/1934\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u0637. 1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.dlib.nyu.edu\/viewer\/books\/aub_aco004594\/display?lang=ar&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">sites.dlib.nyu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mubarak, Zaki. (1934). Artistic Prose in the Fourth Hijri Century (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. (1425\u0647\u0640\/2004\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 (\u0637. 4). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo. (2004). Al-Mu\u2018jam al-Wasit [The Intermediate Arabic Dictionary] (4th ed.). Cairo: Maktabat al-Shuruq al-Dawliyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. [\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Hindawi, Husayn Ali. (n.d.). Forms of Prose Discourse in the Ottoman Period. [Publisher information unverified].<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c <strong>\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629-\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 1377\u0647\/1958\u0645\u060c \u063560. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong>\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1436\u0647\u0640\/2015\u0645\u060c \u0635 444-447\u060c 448-452\u060c 488\u060c 492-495.\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong>\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 78\u060c 81\u060c 100. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641- \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 1428\/2007\u0645\u060c \u0635509-512. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 1428\u0647\u0640\/2007\u0645\u060c \u0635 9\u060c 47 . <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631:1898 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1940\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c (25\/374). <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a- \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 1987\u0645\u060c \u0635 332\u060c 336. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645 8623\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 102 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0641\u0631<\/strong>\u060c 171-180\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c <\/strong>\u0635 211-215\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063544-50\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c (4\/136-137). <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0622\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u063547. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(). \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 2015\u060c \u0635 34. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 46. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 &#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0635 183. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 38\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2016\u0645\u060c \u0635 212. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0632\u0642\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 32-33. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0643\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong>\u060c (1\/171)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 1990\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c (1\/402-405). <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0635 37. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 13<strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 48. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0644: \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0639 \u0623\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0651. <a id=\"post-18000-_Hlk86788021\"><\/a><a id=\"post-18000-_Hlk103476912\"><\/a>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c 1425\u0647\u0640-2004\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0642\u0635\u0644)\u060c (2\/ 740). <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u062d\u064f\u060c \u0646\u0628\u062a\u064c \u0633\u064f\u0647\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 : \u0634\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646.\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0645: \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629.<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c <\/strong>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0634\u064a\u062d) \u0648 (\u062e\u0632\u0645) (1\/ 233\u060c 502). <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0639\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0642\u0639\u064c \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064d \u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064c \u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u062a \u0628\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064f\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0649.<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c <\/strong>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0634\u0642\u0642) (1\/ 488). <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u200c\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u0643\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643.<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c <\/strong>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0631\u0636\u0628) (1\/ 349) <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 29-32. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-18000-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 32-35. <a href=\"#post-18000-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f: \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u064c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-18000","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18000","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18000"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18000\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18068,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18000\/revisions\/18068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18000"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}