{"id":17990,"date":"2026-10-01T09:31:42","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T09:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-10-17\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T13:39:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T13:39:01","slug":"7-10-17","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-10-17\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 17"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: najah.abdallah@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Najah Abdallah<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Lebanese University, Lebanon.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> najah.abdallah@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/17' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/17<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/17' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/17<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (10). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 297 - 307<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue10\/7-10-17.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2026). Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Abdallah Najah. 2026. \\&quot;Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Abdallah N. 2026. Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-10-01. [Cited 2026-10-21]. 7(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-17\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Abdallah N. Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-10-01; 7(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Abdallah N, \\&quot;Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Abdallah Najah. \\&quot;Challenges of Reconstruction in Lebanon.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646. (2026). \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. 2026. \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-10-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-10-21]. 7(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-17\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-10-01\u061b 7(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646. \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/17&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 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style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This research paper deals with the topic of reconstruction in Lebanon, its stages, and the interconnection of many contentious and fundamental issues within it, starting from the Israeli war, passing through the economic, financial, and political crisis, and the regional conflict, and its link to the topic of reforms and resistance weapons. It provides an overview of the Israeli attacks on Lebanon, the extent of the resulting destruction, and the human, material, and economic losses that ensued. This paper discusses the Israeli displacement and expansion project, through the displacement of about 1.4 million civilians from southern Lebanon. It presents many legal and regulatory texts and governmental decisions that define the legal frameworks for reconstruction. It provides an overview of the role of the state and its institutions in this process, their responsibilities and duties towards its citizens, and the parties responsible and involved in reconstruction. This research aims to clarify the role of reconstruction in restoring social and economic life in the areas destroyed by Israeli attacks and the return of citizens to the same living conditions and standards as before the war. It also presents the main challenges facing reconstruction in Lebanon, using the descriptive approach. This paper concludes with the necessity of establishing an effective national strategy for reconstruction that focuses on comprehensive recovery of the affected environment and the restoration of social and economic life within it.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Reconstruction, destruction, Israeli attacks, massacres, human and material losses, challenges.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 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justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 22 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2026\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2023\u20132025&#8243;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 (Domicide) \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0643\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0641\u062f\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 220 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Urbicide) \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Ecocide) \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f(<sup><a id=\"post-17990-footnote-ref-16\" href=\"#post-17990-footnote-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u06482026\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 56 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 22.5% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 530 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u062a 41 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 800 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a(<sup><a id=\"post-17990-footnote-ref-17\" href=\"#post-17990-footnote-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 11 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 8 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u06312023 \u062d\u062a\u0649 20 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 7.2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025&#8221; (RDNA)(<sup><a id=\"post-17990-footnote-ref-18\" href=\"#post-17990-footnote-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c 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\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0648 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a. (2006). \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 EX.CL\/274 (IX)). \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627. peaceau.org. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peaceau.org\/uploads\/ex-cl-274-ix-a.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">EX CL 274 _IX_ _A<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">African Union. (2006). Report on the development of a policy on post-conflict reconstruction and development (Document EX.CL\/274 (IX)). Banjul, The Gambia. peaceau.org.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 1948 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1978. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629. elnashra.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Israeli attacks on Lebanon from 1948 to 1978. (n.d.). Elnashra. elnashra.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabicmagazine.net\/Arabic\/ArticleDetails.aspx?Id=9705&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">arabicmagazine.net<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barakat, S. (2023). Shelter and reconstruction after conflict and disaster. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. (2025\u060c 7 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633). \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064011 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. albankaldawli.org. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albankaldawli.org\/ar\/news\/press-release\/2025\/03\/07\/lebanon-s-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-estimated-at-us-11-billion?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">albankaldawli.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2025, March 7). Lebanon\u2019s recovery and reconstruction needs estimated at US$11 billion. albankaldawli.org.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. (2025\u060c 25 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648). \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 250 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. albankaldawli.org. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albankaldawli.org\/ar\/news\/press-release\/2025\/06\/25\/lebanon-new-us-250-million-project-to-kickstart-the-recovery-and-reconstruction-in-conflict-affected-areas?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">albankaldawli.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2025, June 25). Lebanon: New US$250 million project to kickstart recovery and reconstruction in conflict-affected areas. albankaldawli.org.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631. (2024). \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (1978\u20132024): \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. palestine-studies.org. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/ar\/node\/1656406?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">palestine-studies.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Suleiman, J. (2024). Israel\u2019s wars on Lebanon (1978\u20132024): A comparative analysis. Institute for Palestine Studies. palestine-studies.org.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2026). \u00ab\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u00bb: \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f. \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 8 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. legal-agenda.com. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%91%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%AA\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Legal Agenda<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shaaban, H. (2026). \u201cDrowning Beirut in blood\u201d: Dr. Ghassan Abu-Sittah\u2019s testimony on the purpose of simultaneous attacks in the April 8 massacres. The Legal Agenda. legal-agenda.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632. (2026\u060c 23 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633). \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. reuters.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reuters. (2026, March 23). Israeli minister calls for the annexation of southern Lebanon. reuters.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. (2026). \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a: \u0646\u062d\u0648 40 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 35 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637. cnrs.edu.lb. <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/category\/cnrs-news\/page\/4\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Lebanon (CNRS-L)<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">National Council for Scientific Research \u2013 Lebanon. (2026). Assessment of damage to the residential sector: Approximately 40,000 housing units affected in just 35 days. cnrs.edu.lb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645. (2026). \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. natourcenters.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Masoud, M. (2026). Israel\u2019s ambitions concerning Lebanese waters. natourcenters.com.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2021). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. democraticac.de. <a href=\"https:\/\/democraticac.de\/?p=77498&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Najjar, H. M. M. (2021). Sustainable reconstruction after disasters and armed conflicts during the recovery phase. Arab Democratic Center. democraticac.de.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a. (2025). \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u00bb. oea.org.lb. <a href=\"https:\/\/amalbaladi.org.lb\/details\/2307\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">amalbaladi.org.lb<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Order of Engineers and Architects of Beirut. (2025). Recommendations of the conference \u201cReconstruction: A plan or a decision\u201d. oea.org.lb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. (2020\u060c 3 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631). \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0623 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a. moph.gov.lb. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/ar\/Media\/view\/38931\/beirut-port-explosion-martyrs-?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">moph.gov.lb<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lebanese Ministry of Public Health. (2020, September 3). Updated list of those killed in the Beirut port explosion. moph.gov.lb.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Harithy, H. (Ed.). (2010). Lessons in post-war reconstruction: Case studies from Lebanon in the aftermath of the 2006 war. Routledge. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203851524\/lessons-post-war-reconstruction-howayda-al-harithy?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Taylor &amp; Francis eBooks<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Langer, A., &amp; Brown, G. K. (Eds.). (2016). Building sustainable peace: Timing and sequencing of post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuilding. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/25409?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">academic.oup.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">National Council for Scientific Research \u2013 Lebanon. (2024). CNRS-L report on the Israeli offensive against Lebanon, 2023\u20132024 [Arabic report]. cnrs.edu.lb. <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/publication\/cnrs-books\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Publications by CNRS Lebanon Research Reports<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">National Council for Scientific Research \u2013 Lebanon. (2026). Recovery for people &amp; nature: Guiding the steps towards a post-war recovery of Lebanon\u2019s natural ecosystems. cnrs.edu.lb. <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/FINAL-Post-War-Recovery-Report.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">CNRS-L<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2024, September 19). Exploding pagers and radios: A terrifying violation of international law, say UN experts. ohchr.org.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 23 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2026\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 28\/5\/2026\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/ar\/world\/KOWI4IIZO5P6ZM7TABQ5ZL7ZAI-2026-03-23\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/ar\/world\/KOWI4IIZO5P6ZM7TABQ5ZL7ZAI-2026-03-23\/<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 1948 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1978\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 25\/5\/2026\u060c \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elnashra.com\/news\/show\/977028\">https:\/\/www.elnashra.com\/news\/show\/977028<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 30\/5\/2026\u060c \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/natourcenters.com\">https:\/\/natourcenters.com<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/ar\/Pages\/0\/38929\/beirut-port-explosion-martyrs\">https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/ar\/Pages\/0\/38929\/beirut-port-explosion-martyrs<\/a>, accessed on 25\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 ( 1978-2024 ): \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 23\/5\/2026\u060c \u0641\u064a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/ar\/node\/1656406\">https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/ar\/node\/1656406<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/ar\/news\/319528\">https:\/\/www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/ar\/news\/319528<\/a>, accessed on 25\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Exploding pagers and radios: A terrifying violation of international law, say UN experts, UNOHCHR,19 September 2024, accessed on 30\/5\/2026, at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2024\/09\/exploding-pagers-and-radios-terrifying-violation-international-law-say-un\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2024\/09\/exploding-pagers-and-radios-terrifying-violation-international-law-say-un<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CNRS-L-report-on-Israeli-Offensive-against-Lebanon-2023-2024-Arabic.pdf\">https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CNRS-L-report-on-Israeli-Offensive-against-Lebanon-2023-2024-Arabic.pdf<\/a> , accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\">https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb<\/a> , accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/beirutreview.net\/post\/624\">https:\/\/beirutreview.net\/post\/624<\/a> , accessed on 25\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/ar\/Pages\/19\/85521, accessed on 12\/6\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/images\/Prevention\/PHEOC\/Cumulative%20Emergency%20Report\/10-9-2026.pdf\">https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/images\/Prevention\/PHEOC\/Cumulative%20Emergency%20Report\/10-9-2026.pdf<\/a>, accessed on 16\/9\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 20\/4\/2026\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 25\/5\/2026 \u060c \u0641\u064a<a href=\"https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/author\/hussein-shaaban\">https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/author\/hussein-shaaban<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annahar.com\/lebanon\/318063\">https:\/\/www.annahar.com\/lebanon\/318063<\/a> , accessed on 8\/6\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 29\/5\/2026\u060c \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\">https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/FINAL-Post-War-Recovery-Report.pdf\">https:\/\/cnrs.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/FINAL-Post-War-Recovery-Report.pdf<\/a>, accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/ar\/news\/533016\">https:\/\/www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/ar\/news\/533016<\/a> , accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albankaldawli.org\/ar\/news\/press-release\/2025\/03\/07\/lebanon-s-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-estimated-at-us-11-billion\">https:\/\/www.albankaldawli.org\/ar\/news\/press-release\/2025\/03\/07\/lebanon-s-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-estimated-at-us-11-billion<\/a> , accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627. 2006. \u06356. \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 30\/5\/2026 . \u0641\u064a : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peaceau.org\/uploads\/ex-cl-274-ix-a.pdf\">https:\/\/www.peaceau.org\/uploads\/ex-cl-274-ix-a.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/ar\/terminology\/aadt-alamar\">https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/ar\/terminology\/aadt-alamar<\/a> , accessed on 1\/6\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/ar\/story\/2024\/10\/1135271\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/ar\/story\/2024\/10\/1135271<\/a> , accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/anbaaonline.com\/news\/330058\">https:\/\/anbaaonline.com\/news\/330058<\/a> , accessed on 20\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.almodon.com\/2026-01\/alatar-almrj%60y-lmnhjyt-alyat-altdkhl-dmn-a%27%60adt-ala%27%60mar.pdf\">https:\/\/assets.almodon.com\/2026-01\/alatar-almrj%60y-lmnhjyt-alyat-altdkhl-dmn-a%27%60adt-ala%27%60mar.pdf<\/a>, accessed on 30\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c (2025)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a 23\/5\/2026\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oea.org.lb\">https:\/\/www.oea.org.lb<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pcm.gov.lb\/arabic\/subpg.aspx?pageid=27530\">http:\/\/www.pcm.gov.lb\/arabic\/subpg.aspx?pageid=27530<\/a> , accessed on 16\/9\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17990-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albankaldawli.org\/ar\/news\/press-release\/2025\/06\/25\/lebanon-new-us-250-million-project-to-kickstart-the-recovery-and-reconstruction-in-conflict-affected-areas\">https:\/\/www.albankaldawli.org\/ar\/news\/press-release\/2025\/06\/25\/lebanon-new-us-250-million-project-to-kickstart-the-recovery-and-reconstruction-in-conflict-affected-areas<\/a> , accessed on 25\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17990-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17990","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17990","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17990"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17990\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18055,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17990\/revisions\/18055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17990"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}