{"id":17742,"date":"2026-09-01T00:55:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T00:55:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-9-39\/"},"modified":"2026-09-01T01:39:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T01:39:05","slug":"7-9-39","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-9-39\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 39"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a:drmadliendabbahassadi@gmail.com<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: fidaaResala@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Madeleine Mohieddin Dhabah Asadi<sup>1<\/sup>, Fidaa Mohammed Abdulghani Al-Fares<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> PhD in Education and Learning, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> drmadliendabbahassadi@gmail.com<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> PhD in Education and Learning, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> fidaaResala@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/39' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/39<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/39' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/39<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (9). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 742 - 764<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-09-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue9\/7-9-39.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M. D., Al-Fares F. M. A.. (2026). The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Asadi Madeline Mohieddin Dabbah, Al-Fares Fidaa Mohammed Abdulghani. 2026. \\&quot;The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 9. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Asadi M. M. D., Al-Fares F. M. A.. 2026. The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-09-01. [Cited 2026-09-01]. 7(9). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-9-39\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Asadi M. M. D., Al-Fares F. M. A.. The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-09-01; 7(9). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Asadi M. M. D., Al-Fares F. M. A., \\&quot;The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Asadi Madeline Mohieddin Dabbah, Al-Fares Fidaa Mohammed Abdulghani. \\&quot;The Relationship Between the Implementation of Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation Toward Learning: Teachers\u2019 Perspectives.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026-09-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641. \u0645. \u0639. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641. \u0645. \u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-09-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-09-01]. 7(9). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-9-39\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641. \u0645. \u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-09-01\u061b 7(9). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641. \u0645. \u0639. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 9\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 9\u060c 2026-09-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/39&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL) \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (196) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (20) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a (3.93) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (0.77)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a (3.73) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (0.83). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 (r = .706, p < .001). \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 (49.8%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 (R\u00b2 = .498, p < .001). \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PBL) and students\u2019 motivation toward learning from the perspectives of teachers in Arab schools in the Shaghur region inside the Green Line. The study adopted a descriptive-correlational analytical design and included a sample of 196 male and female teachers. To achieve the study objectives, a 20-item questionnaire was administered, consisting of two dimensions: Project-Based Learning practices and students\u2019 motivation toward learning. The results indicated a high level of PBL implementation (M = 3.93, SD = 0.77) and a high level of students\u2019 motivation toward learning (M = 3.73, SD = 0.83). The findings also revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation between PBL implementation and students\u2019 motivation toward learning (r = .706, p < .001). No statistically significant differences were found in teachers\u2019 perceptions of PBL implementation or students\u2019 motivation according to gender, teaching stage, years of experience, or academic qualification. Furthermore, simple linear regression analysis showed that PBL significantly predicted students\u2019 motivation toward learning, explaining 49.8% of the variance in motivation (R\u00b2 = .498, p < .001). The study concludes that the implementation of PBL is strongly and positively associated with students\u2019 motivation toward learning and represents a significant predictor of motivation from teachers\u2019 perspectives.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Project-Based Learning, motivation toward learning, Shaghur region.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Filgona et al., 2020). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Khamouja et al., 2025). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Bakar, 2014). \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Luthans, 2012\u061b Guay et al., 2010). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a (Gredler et al., 2017\u061b Ryan &amp; Deci, 2000).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 (Wood, 2019)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 (2025)<\/strong> \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 The Relationship Between Project-Based Learning (PBL) Strategies and Student Motivation \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062a \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 320 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u064f\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a PBL \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 62.7% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 <strong>\u0648\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 (Wijnia et al., 2024)<\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629&#8221;\u060c 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justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639(PBL) \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 . \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 :<\/strong>\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 (2015) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 &#8220;\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627&#8221; \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: <\/strong>\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a (2021) \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0641\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0629).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a (2025-2026 \u0645).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. <strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 (378) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u060c (102) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648(276) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a (2025-2026\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (30) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627- \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Thompson, 2012)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 196 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 51.9% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 . \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_a0fsohogdiw0\"><\/a><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1): \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0646 = 196)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_bit6b0u74g6v\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_j8sweiyiqy9r\"><\/a><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_hpvlnm5mtntj\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 (Count)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_6qhkchqvwe1s\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (%)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_ed6bi8gh5b19\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_nuj85nw08t8q\"><\/a><strong>\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_i5f46dhgx569\"><\/a><strong>40<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_g1o5l576z8tw\"><\/a><strong>20.4%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_i3oxacyru5l9\"><\/a><strong>\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_u7zz1ji4vq6h\"><\/a><strong>156<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_xthlckdzlwy8\"><\/a><strong>79.6%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_i0v1unwf1wtj\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_euglldbporn0\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_ktxf7t3yp63e\"><\/a><strong>78<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_waca7hqcwtj6\"><\/a><strong>39.8%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_20jj6i23rc2k\"><\/a><strong>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_db6h5bfnqcv\"><\/a><strong>56<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_xychyaqp1ro9\"><\/a><strong>28.6%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_vvx20brhfr5g\"><\/a><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_eh1gilokkiz1\"><\/a><strong>62<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_1hc4ajuibp1h\"><\/a><strong>31.6%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_8zfbew2kq7m7\"><\/a><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_hotr5fv9cb49\"><\/a><strong>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_2vmfsxnp7czr\"><\/a><strong>15<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_yxkxio9vuqae\"><\/a><strong>7.7%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_o213sncq0aea\"><\/a><strong>\u0645\u0646 5 &#8211; 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_cixfkf6gss9j\"><\/a><strong>28<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_mbn39dfgt62o\"><\/a><strong>14.3%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_30245jn8eif\"><\/a><strong>\u0645\u0646 11 &#8211; 20 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_m3eh0gycx8jr\"><\/a><strong>76<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_2udv2cfvkmed\"><\/a><strong>38.8%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_iezjypx8253p\"><\/a><strong>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_1r6lzzp4njsk\"><\/a><strong>77<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_mvzzzuht9npo\"><\/a><strong>39.3%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_1r2h7uptobzi\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_pvtj8zenf2z7\"><\/a><strong>\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_uzpn1j8s1oi8\"><\/a><strong>50<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_4unns18pfemm\"><\/a><strong>25.5%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_5tv1ru9mfkzd\"><\/a><strong>\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_q617urbk7353\"><\/a><strong>130<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_q9teqidvqlnw\"><\/a><strong>66.3%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_6u648o5idywk\"><\/a><strong>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_ua99pq2fllhq\"><\/a><strong>16<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><a id=\"post-17742-_rxjnt62ctg5k\"><\/a><strong>8.2%<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Research Instruments) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL) \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (10) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (10) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: (1 = \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c 2 = \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c 3 = \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c 4 = \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c 5 = \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_o4g5oonujgcu\"><\/a><strong>\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (30) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (7) \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a (Exploratory Factor Analysis \u2013 EFA) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629(196) \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 KMO \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (0.954)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 Bartlett&#8217;s Test of Sphericity \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 (\u03c7\u00b2 = 3880.757) \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (190)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (p &lt; 0.001)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (12.236) \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 (61.182%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (2.144) \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 (10.718%)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 (71.900%). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 (Communalities) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (0.547\u20130.810)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (0.699\u20130.873)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629: <\/strong>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 (2) \u0648 (3):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2): \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1. \u0623\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/td>\n<td><strong>**744.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. \u0623\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td><strong>**808.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/td>\n<td>**836.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/td>\n<td>**772.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5. \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/td>\n<td>**883.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6. \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 Rubrics) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/td>\n<td>**800.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7. \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>**830.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8. \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/td>\n<td>**822.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9. \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/td>\n<td>**795.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10. \u0623\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>**809.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">** \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u03b1=0.01))<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3): \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1. \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/td>\n<td><strong>**863.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. \u064a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/td>\n<td>**842.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3. \u064a\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/td>\n<td>**847.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td>**887.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5. \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645.<\/td>\n<td>**878.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6. \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/td>\n<td>**879.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7.\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/td>\n<td>**920.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8. \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/td>\n<td>**895.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9. \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/td>\n<td>**891.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10. \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<td>**888.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">** \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1=0.01)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 (0.774\u20130.883)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (0.842\u20130.920)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e (Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 (\u03b1 = 0.966)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4): \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>941.<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>967.<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>966.<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a 966 . \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a (0.70)) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (0.966) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (SPSS)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a (t-test) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (One-Way ANOVA) \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 1 &#8211; 2.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 2.34 &#8211; 3.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 3.67 &#8211; 5.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_71jgznrenzz0\"><\/a> <a id=\"post-17742-_xtx7lr2i4qy7\"><\/a>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (196) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_tou82ol1c3rz\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5) : <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639(<\/em>N = 196 )<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><em>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>3.93<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>0.77<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (M = 3.93)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (SD = 0.77). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_p125jvqg4mgc\"><\/a><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a (2020)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628 (2023)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f (2023)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 (2020) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_h6dfgs7rcic0\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (6) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (6): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 (N = 196)<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>3.73<\/td>\n<td>0.83<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (6) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (M = 3.73)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (SD = 0.83). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_ux59pmeh6j5b\"><\/a><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Baloch et al. (2025) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c Wijnia et al. (2024) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Shin (2018) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Simbolon &amp; Koeswanti, 2020) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (2024) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (7).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (7): \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>.706**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 (MOTIVATION)<\/td>\n<td>.706**<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">** \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 <em>p<\/em> &lt; .001.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (<em>r<\/em> = .706, <em>p<\/em> &lt; .001). \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: <\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Baloch et al. (2025) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c Wijnia et al. (2024) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Shin (2018) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_orc8y73kwww0\"><\/a>\u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c (Simbolon &amp; Koeswanti, 2020) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (2024) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_60iuzw1pb2ok\"><\/a>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_y9zr0zsewhl5\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 :\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a)\u061f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (t) \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (One-Way ANOVA) \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (8) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (8): \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (N = 196).<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>Sig.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0630\u0643\u0631\/\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/td>\n<td>3.95\/3.92<\/td>\n<td><em>t<\/em>(194)= 0.183<\/td>\n<td>.855<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\/\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td>3.85\/3.89\/ 4.05<\/td>\n<td><em>F<\/em>(2,193)= 1.267<\/td>\n<td>.284<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5\/5\u201310\/11\u201320\/\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20<\/td>\n<td>3.95\/3.89\/4.06\/3.81<\/td>\n<td><em>F<\/em>(3,192)= 1.408<\/td>\n<td>.242<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064d\/\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/td>\n<td>3.89\/3.90\/4.28<\/td>\n<td><em>F<\/em>(2,193)= 1.796<\/td>\n<td>.169<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629. <em>N<\/em> = 196\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u03b1 \u2264 .05.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 <em>t<\/em> \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c <em>t<\/em>(194) = 0.183, <em>p<\/em> = .855. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>F<\/em>(2, 193) = 1.267, <em>p<\/em> = .284\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c <em>F<\/em>(3, 192) = 1.408, <em>p<\/em> = .242\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c <em>F<\/em>(2, 193) = 1.796, <em>p<\/em> = .169. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a)\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 <em>t<\/em> \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (One-Way ANOVA) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (9) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (9):\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (N = 196).<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>M<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>SD<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>p<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.85<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.90<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>t<\/em>(194) = 0.94<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>.348<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.71<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.82<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.71<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.83<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>F<\/em>(2, 193) = 0.08<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>.925<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.74<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.88<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.76<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.81<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">\n<h3>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.65<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.69<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>F<\/em>(3, 192) = 0.70<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>.555<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>5\u201310 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.82<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.85<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>11\u201320 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.81<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.87<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.64<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.83<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.74<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.83<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3><em>F<\/em>(2, 193) = 2.82<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>.062<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064d<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>3.67<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.83<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>4.19<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>0.80<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_po1bsjrvz2ez\"><\/a> \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u03b1 = .05.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (9) \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 <em>t<\/em> \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 (<em>M<\/em> = 3.85, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.90) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a (<em>M<\/em> = 3.71, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.82)\u060c <em>t<\/em>(194) = 0.94, <em>p<\/em> = .348. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 <em>d<\/em> = 0.17\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c <em>F<\/em>(2, 193) = 0.08, <em>p<\/em> = .925. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (<em>M<\/em> = 3.71, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.83)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (<em>M<\/em> = 3.74, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.88)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (<em>M<\/em> = 3.76, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.81).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c <em>F<\/em>(3, 192) = 0.70, <em>p<\/em> = .555. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 3.64 \u06483.82\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 5\u201310 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (<em>M<\/em> = 3.82, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.85)\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 11\u201320 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (<em>M<\/em> = 3.81, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.87).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c <em>F<\/em>(2, 193) = 2.82, <em>p<\/em> = .062. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (<em>M<\/em> = 4.19, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.80) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (<em>M<\/em> = 3.74, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.83) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (<em>M<\/em> = 3.67, <em>SD<\/em> = 0.83)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_j5b0ezk38lg8\"><\/a><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: <\/strong>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 Wijnia et al. (2024)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 Shin (2018)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 Baloch et al. (2025) \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (<em>p<\/em> = .062). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (10) \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (10): \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (N = 196).<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0626<\/td>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>SE<\/td>\n<td>\u03b2<\/td>\n<td>t<\/td>\n<td>Sig.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/td>\n<td>0.725<\/td>\n<td>0.221<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>3.283<\/td>\n<td>&lt; .001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (PBL)<\/td>\n<td>0.766<\/td>\n<td>0.055<\/td>\n<td>0.706<\/td>\n<td>13.882<\/td>\n<td>&lt; .001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R = .706\u060c R\u00b2 = .498\u060c F(1,194) = 192.705\u060c p &lt; .001<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 R = .706\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f R\u00b2 = .498\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 49.8% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u03b2 = .706\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 t = 13.882 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 p &lt; .001. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 F(1,194) = 192.705\u060c p &lt; .001.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 B\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 = 0.725 + 0.766 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 0.766 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u03b2 = .706 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 PBL \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17742-_klv4rch4jyee\"><\/a><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 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justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Baloch et al. (2025)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c Wijnia et al. (2024)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Shin (2018)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 49.8% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 50.2% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 PBL \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (50.2%)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2021\u060c 3 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c (17766). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-jazirah.com\/2021\/20210803\/ar6.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.al-jazirah.com\/2021\/20210803\/ar6.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Atrabi, S. M. (2021, August 3). Scientific preparation of the family and motivation to learn. Al-Jazirah Newspaper, (17766). Retrieved April 11, 2025, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-jazirah.com\/2021\/20210803\/ar6.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.al-jazirah.com\/2021\/20210803\/ar6.htm<\/a> [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2020). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 28(2)\u060c 400\u2013423.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Taaban, M. A. A. R., &amp; Naji, I. M. M. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning strategy in developing systemic-thinking skills and producing electronic projects among students of the Faculty of Education at Al-Aqsa University. Islamic University Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 28(2), 400\u2013423. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2024). \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627\u060c 90\u060c 594\u2013632.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Harbi, N. N. S., &amp; Mohamed, M. A. H. (2024). A proposed project-based training program for teaching science and its effect on developing decision-making skills and achievement motivation among primary-school pupils. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Tanta University, 90, 594\u2013632. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f. (2015). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amer, M. (2015). Project-based learning. Sohar University. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c 5(2)\u060c 223\u2013255. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/altc.2023.316843\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/altc.2023.316843<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel-Tawab, M. M. (2023). Using the project-based learning strategy in teaching mathematics to develop selected life skills among second-year scientific-track secondary-school students. Educational Journal of Adult Education, 5(2), 223\u2013255. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/altc.2023.316843\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/altc.2023.316843<\/a> [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2024). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 124(3)\u060c 1003\u20131032. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/maed.2024.359015\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/maed.2024.359015<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel-Hamid, R. A. M. (2024). The effectiveness of project-based learning in developing scientific-research skills and achievement in science among preparatory-stage pupils. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, 124(3), 1003\u20131032. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/maed.2024.359015\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/maed.2024.359015<\/a> [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649. (2020). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c 8(1)\u060c 97\u2013121. <a href=\"https:\/\/eaec.journals.ekb.eg\/article_77652.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/eaec.journals.ekb.eg\/article_77652.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel-Karim, M. (2020). The effect of different modes of delivering project-based learning\u2014online, blended, and traditional\u2014on developing the skills required to produce electronic tests and exercises among computer-teacher preparation students. Egyptian Journal of Educational Computer, 8(1), 97\u2013121. <a href=\"https:\/\/eaec.journals.ekb.eg\/article_77652.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/eaec.journals.ekb.eg\/article_77652.html<\/a> [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bakar, R. (2014). The effect of learning motivation on student\u2019s productive competencies in vocational high school, West Sumatra.<em> International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4<\/em>(6), 722\u2013732.<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.aessweb.com\/index.php\/5007\/article\/view\/2672\"> https:\/\/archive.aessweb.com\/index.php\/5007\/article\/view\/2672<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baloch, A., Um E Rubab, Sarwat, Q., &amp; Behlol, G. (2025, June). The relationship between project-based learning (PBL) strategies and student motivation. <em>Research Journal for Social Affairs, 3<\/em>(4), 41-47.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71317\/RJSA.003.04.0251\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71317\/RJSA.003.04.0251<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, M., &amp; Okoronka, U. (2020). Motivation in learning. <em>Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 10<\/em>(4), 16\u201337.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ajess\/2020\/v10i430273\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ajess\/2020\/v10i430273<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gredler, E., Broussard, C., &amp; Garrison, B. (2017). The relationship between classroom motivation and academic achievement in elementary school\u2013aged children. <em>Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33<\/em>(2), 106\u2013120.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Guay, F., Chanal, J., Ratelle, F., Marsh, W., Larose, S., &amp; Boivin, M. (2010). Intrinsic, identified, and controlled types of motivation for school subjects in young elementary school children. <em>British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80<\/em>(4), 711\u2013735.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000709910X499084\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000709910X499084<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Khamouja, A., Elmakryni, A., Lagmidi, A., Elghouati, A., &amp; Brigui, H. (2025). Project-Based Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation: Kacem Amine High School as a Case Study. <em>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 7<\/em>(1), 173\u2013184.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36892\/ijlls.v7i1.1965\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36892\/ijlls.v7i1.1965<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Luthans, F. (2012). <em>Organizational behavior<\/em> (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ryan, R. &amp; Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. <em>American Psychologist, 55<\/em>(1), 68\u201378.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shin, H. (2018). Effects of project-based learning on students&#8217; motivation and self-efficacy. <em>English Teaching, 73<\/em>(1), 95\u2013114.<a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1312282\"> https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1312282<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Simbolon, R., &amp; Koeswanti, D. (2020). Comparison of PBL (Project-Based Learning) models with PBL (Problem-Based Learning) models to determine student learning outcomes and motivation. <em>International Journal of Elementary Education, 4<\/em>(4), 519\u2013529<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thompson, S. K. (2012). <em>Sampling<\/em> (3rd ed.). John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118162934\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118162934<\/a> . .<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wijnia, L., Noordzij, G., Arends, L. R., Rikers, R. M. J. P., &amp; Loyens, S. M. M. (2024). The effects of problem-based, project-based, and case-based learning on students\u2019 motivation: A meta-analysis. <em>Educational Psychology Review, 36<\/em>, Article 29.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09864-3\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09864-3<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wood, R. (2019). Students\u2019 motivation to engage with science learning activities through the lens of self-determination theory: Results from a single-case school-based study. <em>Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15<\/em>(7), 1\u201322.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Filgona et al., 2020). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17742","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17742"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17839,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17742\/revisions\/17839"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}