{"id":17714,"date":"2026-09-01T00:55:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T00:55:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-9-11\/"},"modified":"2026-09-01T01:11:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T01:11:14","slug":"7-9-11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-9-11\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 11"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1304-1316)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645.\u062f. \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Hadeel Hassan Qasim<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> University of Karbala, Center for Strategic Studies, Iraq.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (9). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 252 - 270<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-08 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-09-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue9\/7-9-11.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H.. (2026). Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Qasim Hadeel Hassan. 2026. \\&quot;Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 9. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Qasim H. H.. 2026. Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-09-01. [Cited 2026-09-01]. 7(9). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-9-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Qasim H. H.. Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-09-01; 7(9). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Qasim H. H., \\&quot;Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Qasim Hadeel Hassan. \\&quot;Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State (1304\u20131316).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026-09-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0640 \u062d. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1304-1316). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1304-1316)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0640 \u062d. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1304-1316). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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[\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-09-01\u061b 7(9). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0640 \u062d. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1304-1316)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 9\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1304-1316)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the development of Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State between 1304 and 1316, highlighting the political, religious, and intellectual factors that contributed to its transition from restriction and marginalization during the late Abbasid era to expansion and influence within Ilkhanid state institutions. Using the historical-analytical method, the study traces the origins and expansion of the Mongols, the establishment of their state, and the religious transformations that followed the Mongol invasion of Baghdad and the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in 656 AH\/1258 CE. It also explores the role of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in preserving part of the Islamic intellectual heritage, supporting scholars, administering religious endowments, establishing the Maragheh Observatory, and fostering an intellectual environment that facilitated the Mongol rulers\u2019 rapprochement with Islam and strengthened the presence of Shi\u2018ism. Particular attention is given to the reign of Sultan Muhammad Khudabandah (Oljeitu), demonstrating how sectarian conflicts and theological debates contributed to his conversion to Twelver Shi\u2018ism, alongside the influence of Emir Tarmtaz and al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli in guiding and consolidating this transformation. The study concludes that the spread of Shi\u2018ism in the Ilkhanid State was not driven by a single religious factor; rather, it resulted from the interaction between political interests and the intellectual influence of Shi\u2018ite scholars. Oljeitu\u2019s adoption of Shi\u2018ism led to several official measures, including disseminating the works of Imami scholars, establishing Shi\u2018ite schools and institutions, supporting religious shrines, and incorporating Shi\u2018ite symbols and expressions into sermons, coinage, and religious practices. These developments contributed to expanding and consolidating the presence of Shi\u2018ism in Iraq, Iran, and other regions under Ilkhanid rule.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Shi\u2018ism, Ilkhanid State, Muhammad Khudabandah, Oljeitu, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, Mongols.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u062f\u062a\u00a0\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<sup>(<sup><a id=\"post-17714-footnote-ref-87\" href=\"#post-17714-footnote-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u00a0\u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u00a0\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u00a0\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u00a0\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0639\u00a0\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c\u00a0\u0645\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649\u00a0\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0686\u064a\u0646\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 656 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0644\u00a0\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0642\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00a0\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062e\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f\u00a0\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a\u00a0\u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u00a0\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636\u00a0\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. (2000). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0628). \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Iqbal, A. (2000). The History of the Mongols: From Genghis Khan\u2019s Campaign to the Rise of the Timurid State (A. W. Alloub, Trans.). Abu Dhabi: Cultural Foundation. (Original work published in Persian)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (1983). \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 (\u062c. 9). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Amin, H. (1983). Notable Figures of the Shi\u2018a (Vol. 9). Beirut: Dar al-Ta\u2018aruf lil-Matbu\u2018at. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (1996). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Amin, H. (1996). The Ismailis, the Mongols, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. Beirut: Dar al-Ghadir. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2008). \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u061f \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Bar, M. A. (2008). How Did the Mongols Convert to Islam? Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Fath for Studies and Publishing. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643. (2018). \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648 (703\u2013716\u0647\u0640\/1303\u20131316\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c (16)\u060c 52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34277\/1458-000-016-004<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Berrani, A. M. (2018). The Mongols of Iran among the Shi\u2018a during the reign of Oljeitu (703\u2013716 AH\/1303\u20131316 CE). Al-Hikma Journal for Historical Studies, (16), 52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34277\/1458-000-016-004 [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062e\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (2010). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bakhit, R. M. I. (2010). The History of the Mongols and the Fall of Baghdad. Cairo: Egyptian Book House. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c. (2014). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 19(81)\u060c 447\u2013464.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jassim, S. H. Al-Haj. (2014). The Mongols: Their origins, homeland, and early wars. Journal of the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University, 19(81), 447\u2013464. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0644. (2009). \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 (597\u2013672\u0647\u0640\/1200\u20131273\u0645) (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jabiri, S. A. M. (2009). Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: A Study of His Life (597\u2013672 AH\/1200\u20131273 CE) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College of Arts, University of Basra, Iraq. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0636\u0627\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f. (2014). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u0623\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648): \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (703\u2013716\u0647\u0640\/1303\u20131316\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c (17)\u060c 97\u2013107.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hassoun, M. D., &amp; Tuma, I. S. (2014). Sultan Khudabandah (Oljeitu): His life and accession to the throne of the Mongol Sultanate (703\u2013716 AH\/1303\u20131316 CE). Journal of the College of Basic Education, University of Babylon, (17), 97\u2013107. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646. (1983). \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Hurr al-Amili, M. ibn al-H. (1983). Amal al-Amil: Biographies of the Scholars of Jabal Amil. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0633. (2003). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (613\u2013663\u0647\u0640\/1216\u20131265\u0645) (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Haidar, A. R. F. (2003). Ilkhan Hulagu and His Role in the Emergence and Establishment of the Ilkhanid State: An Analytical Study of His Life and Political Career (613\u2013663 AH\/1216\u20131265 CE) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College of Arts, University of Baghdad, Iraq. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. (1982). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Khalidi, I. A. (1982). The Mongols and the Islamic Mission during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries AH (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1968). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (656\u2013736\u0647\u0640\/1258\u20131335\u0645). \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Khasbak, J. H. (1968). Iraq under the Ilkhanid Mongols (656\u2013736 AH\/1258\u20131335 CE). Baghdad: Al-Ani Press. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0624\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642. (2026). \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c (12).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Khatib, L. S. A. (2026). The conversion of the Ilkhanid Mongols to Islam and the role of the Hawza of Hillah in their adoption of Shi\u2018ism according to Ibn Battuta\u2019s accounts. Journal of Studies in Humanities and Educational Sciences, (12). [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628. (2017). \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f (640\u2013656\u0647\u0640) (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 8 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1945 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Khattabi, Z. (2017). Caliph al-Musta\u2018sim Billah and the Fall of Baghdad (640\u2013656 AH) (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of 8 May 1945 Guelma, Algeria. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644. (2011). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (603\u2013656\u0647\u0640) (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Daoud, J. (2011). The Mongols and the Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate (603\u2013656 AH) (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Algiers, Algeria. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633. (1999). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Razavi, M. T. Mudarris. (1999). The Scholar Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: His Life and Works. Mashhad: Printing and Publishing Institute of Astan Quds Razavi. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641. (1996). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (650\u2013736\u0647\u0640\/1252\u20131335\u0645) (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salim, S. A. L. (1996). Political and Sectarian Conflict between the Shi\u2018a and Sunnis during the Rule of the Mongol Ilkhans in Iran (650\u2013736 AH\/1252\u20131335 CE) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Dar Al-Ulum, Cairo University, Egypt. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646. (2010). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shammari, Z. D. K. (2010). Al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli and his economic views in Shara\u2019i al-Islam fi Masa\u2019il al-Halal wa-al-Haram. Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies, 1(1). [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2009). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sallabi, A. M. M. (2009). The Mongols (Tatars): Between Expansion and Defeat. Cairo: Iqra Foundation for Publishing, Distribution, and Translation. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a. (1980). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sayyad, F. A. (1980). The Mongols in History. Beirut: Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2019). \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 (\u0642 7\u20138\u0647\u0640\/13\u201314\u0645). \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ta\u2019i, S. H. H., et al. (2019). Pages from the History of the Mongols (7th\u20138th Centuries AH\/13th\u201314th Centuries CE). Baghdad: Adnan Publishing House and Library. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f. (2014). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u0623\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648) (703\u2013716\u0647\u0640\/1304\u20131316\u0645) (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tuma, I. S. (2014). Iraq during the Reign of Sultan Khudabandah (Oljeitu) (703\u2013716 AH\/1304\u20131316 CE) (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Babylon, Iraq. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644. (2007). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Taqqush, M. S. (2007). History of the Great Mongols and the Ilkhanids. Beirut: Dar al-Nafa\u2019is. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a. (2024). \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f (656\u0647\u0640\/1258\u0645): \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c (59)\u060c 34\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33193\/IJoHSS.59.2024.724<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Awwad, S. (2024). The Mongol invasion of Baghdad (656 AH\/1258 CE): An analytical study. International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences, (59), 34\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33193\/IJoHSS.59.2024.724 [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646. (2007). \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Abadi, M. A. (2007). Ibn al-Alqami and His Political Role. Qom: Al-Dalil Foundation for Doctrinal Studies and Research. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. (2005). \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u061f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Amili, A. Al-Kurani. (2005). How Did the Shi\u2018a Respond to the Mongol Invasion? A Study of the Roles of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and al-Allama al-Hilli in Countering the Mongol Invasion. Iraq: Dar al-Huda. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c. (2012). \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646). \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lane, G. (2012). The Age of the Mongols (T. Al-Ghadban, Trans.). Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority, Kalima Project. (Original work published in English)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f. (1970). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Qazzaz, M. S. D. (1970). Political Life in Iraq during the Period of Mongol Rule. Baghdad: Al-Qada Press. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u062f\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f. (2009). \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (663\u2013736\u0647\u0640\/1265\u20131335\u0645) (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kadru, N. A. (2009). The Ilkhanid Mongols\u2019 Attitudes toward Religious Beliefs and Sects from the Death of Hulagu to the End of Abu Sa\u2018id Bahadur Khan\u2019s Reign (663\u2013736 AH\/1265\u20131335 CE) (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, Egypt. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a. (2000). \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mashhadani, M. J. H. (2000). Before the Tribunal of History: Ibn al-Alqami and al-Tusi. Damascus: Dar al-Awa\u2019il. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631. (2023). \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Matyuti, K. A. K. T. (2023). Sabri Abd al-Latif Salim and His Contributions to the Study of the Mongol Era and Its Civilization (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). College of Basic Education, University of Mosul, Iraq. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0633. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 (658\u0647\u0640\/1260\u0645\u2013756\u0647\u0640\/1355\u0645) (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Nufay\u2018i, R. bint H. ibn F. (2013). Political Relations of the Mongol Ilkhanid State (658 AH\/1260 CE\u2013756 AH\/1355 CE) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c2013\u060c\u0635448. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627: \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 2400 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u06f1\u06f7\u06f0\u06f0 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0661\u0661\u0668\u060c\u0663\u0660\u0660 \u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06f3\u06f1\u06f2 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645 8 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0664\u0662\u0660\u0660 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c2005\u060c\u063511;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c2009\u060c\u063527. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063527. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c1982\u060c\u063516. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c2010\u060c\u063517. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c1980\u060c\u063532. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063517. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 (658\u0647\u0640\/1260\u0645 &#8211; 756\u0647\u0640\/1355\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649\u060c 2013\u060c\u06352. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u060c\u063525. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0631\u062c\u0628 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href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0629. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (650 &#8211; 736 \u0647\u0640 \/ 1252 &#8211; 1335 \u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 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()<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0629. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 656-736-1258-1335\u060c\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c1968\u060c\u0635181. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635245. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-29\" 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href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635189. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063556-58. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 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justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c197. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c109. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063543. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 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href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-65\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-66\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 ( \u0642\u0627\u0645) \u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 (\u0642 7 &#8211; 8 \u0647\u0640 \/ 13 &#8211; 14 \u0645)\u060c\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2019\u060c\u0635104. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-66\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-67\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063556. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-67\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-68\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0636\u0627\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0627 (\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648) &#8211; \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (703-716\u0647\u0640 \/ 1303-1316\u0645) \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 17\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635 104. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-68\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-69\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u00a0\u0648 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0648\u00a0\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u00a0\u0648\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0648\u00a0\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646.\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u0648\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0646( \u0666\u0669\u0664 &#8211; \u0667\u0660\u0663 ) \u0647\u0640\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0694\u00a0\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f.\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0643\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c 2023 \u060c\u063560. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-69\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-70\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0636\u0627\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 104. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-70\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-71\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063557. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-71\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-72\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635434. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-72\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-73\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup> ()<\/sup>\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 32. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-73\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-74\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635188. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-74\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-75\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063558. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-75\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-76\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0636\u0627\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635105. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-76\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-77\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635188. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-77\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-78\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063560. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-78\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-79\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c\u0635209. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-79\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-80\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635436. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-80\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-81\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063560. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-81\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-82\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635508. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-82\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-83\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063536. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-83\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-84\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635205. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-84\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-85\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635438. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-85\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-86\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c\u063537-36. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-86\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17714-footnote-87\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635209. <a href=\"#post-17714-footnote-ref-87\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062a\u00a0\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0656 \u0647\u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17714","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17714","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17714"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17714\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17770,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17714\/revisions\/17770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17714"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}