{"id":17618,"date":"2026-08-07T17:29:01","date_gmt":"2026-08-07T17:29:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-51\/"},"modified":"2026-08-07T17:30:09","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T17:30:09","slug":"7-7-51","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-7-51\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 51"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Oras Majeed Kareem<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq<\/p><p>orasm.abohlawah@uokufa.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/51' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/51<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/51' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/51<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (7). Pages:<\/strong> 906 - 911<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-06-20 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-51.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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M. (2026). Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Kareem Oras Majeed. 2026. \\&quot;Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M. 2026. Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-08-22]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-51\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M. Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M, \\&quot;Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Kareem Oras Majeed. \\&quot;Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Kareem Oras Majeed. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-07-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-08-22]. 7(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-51\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-07-01\u061b 7(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Kareem O. M. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Kareem Oras Majeed. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2026-07-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/51&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Dust storms are some of the most extreme environmental hazards in the Middle East, given the arid climate and extensive desert areas, combined with the growing impacts of climate change and land degradation. This review is intended to provide an overview of the environmental impacts of dust storms by synthesizing recent scientific literature on the sources, transport, and impacts of dust storms on environmental and human systems. The reviewed studies indicate that dust storms have a significant impact on air quality due to the increase in PM2.5 and PM10, decrease in visibility, change in the balance of radiation in the atmosphere, and effect on regional climate. Dust deposition also adversely affects soil quality, water resources, agricultural productivity, biodiversity and stability of ecosystems. The literature also suggests an increasing public health burden associated with dust exposure, especially for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in susceptible populations. Recent advances in remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and atmospheric modelling and satellite observations have greatly enhanced the ability to monitor, identify and forecast dust storms. \"But these technological advances also highlight the critical need for sustainable land management practices, regional environmental cooperation and integrated early warning systems, especially as dust storms become more frequent and severe. The study concludes that the integration of environmental monitoring, geospatial technologies and climate adaptation strategies through multidisciplinary approaches is critical to mitigate the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of dust storms and support sustainability in the Middle East.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Dust Storms, Middle East, Environmental Impacts, Air Quality, Climate Change, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing, Environmental Sustainability.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (GIS)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1: Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dust storms are one of the important environmental phenomena affecting the arid and semi-arid areas in the world particularly in the Middle East. The large areas of desert, prolonged droughts, low cover of vegetation, and increasing degradation of the land lead to frequent dust events in the region. Such storms carry large amounts of mineral particles over large distances and thus affect the atmospheric composition, climate systems, the stability of ecosystems and human activities. In recent decades, dust storms have increased in frequency and severity due to climate variability and unsustainable land use practices, thus becoming an increasing environmental concern [1].Dust storms also have environmental impacts that go beyond effects on visibility or the short-term effects on air quality. Airborne dust particles affect the Earth&#8217;s radiation balance, influence cloud formation, decrease the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface and change regional weather patterns. Dust deposition modifies soil characteristics, impacts nutrient cycling, pollutes water resources, and affects agricultural productivity. Therefore, dust storms have become a significant factor in environmental degradation and ecosystem disturbance across the Middle East [2,3].Dust storm events also significantly affect human health. Fine particulate matter, especially PM2.5 and PM10, can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and raise the incidence of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disorders, eye irritation, and premature death. Prolonged dust exposure is particularly dangerous for children, the elderly and those with pre-existing respiratory diseases. A number of epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between dust storm episodes and rise in hospital admissions in many Middle Eastern countries [4].The Middle East is a major source of dust in the world and Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Jordan and Kuwait are often struck by severe dust storms. In recent years, the emission of dust has increased due to environmental degradation through desertification, reduced river flows, loss of vegetation and intensive human activities . These changes have resulted in enhanced transboundary movement of dust and dust storms have become an environmental problem demanding regional cooperation and sustainable management strategies [5].Advances in remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), atmospheric modeling and satellite observations have greatly enhanced the monitoring and analysis of dust storm dynamics. These technologies provide useful information in dust source identification, transport pathways, spatial distribution and environmental impacts, enabling researchers and decision makers to develop more effective mitigation and early-warning systems [6].Due to the increasing environmental and social importance of dust storm, many reviews have been made to address causes, transportation, environmental impacts and mitigation measures of dust storm. However, recent scientific findings are still scattered across disciplines and an updated and comprehensive synthesis is needed. Thus, this review attempts to provide an integrated overview of the environmental impacts of dust storms in the Middle East, their sources, climatic drivers, effects on air quality, ecosystems, water resources, agriculture, and public health, as well as current monitoring techniques and future research directions for sustainable environmental management.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2: Literature Review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Middle East is facing some of the world\u2019s most acute environmental problems, such as dust storms, exacerbated by the region\u2019s arid climate, land degradation and the rapid impacts of climate change. There are many review studies on the sources, transport mechanisms, environmental impacts and health impacts of dust storms. The studies have shown the complex interactions between atmospheric dust, air quality, ecosystems, water resources and human health. Furthermore, recent reviews have stressed the significance of geospatial technologies, climate modeling and environmental management strategies in monitoring dust storm events and mitigating their adverse effects . The table below provides a summary of the major review studies on the environmental impacts of dust storms in the Middle East, their objectives and key findings.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 1. Summary of Previous Review Studies on the Environmental Impacts of Dust Storms in the Middle East<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ref.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Authors<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Year<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Research Focus<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key Findings<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(7)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Middleton, N. J.<\/td>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Global environmental impacts of desert dust<\/td>\n<td>Reviewed the environmental, climatic, and health impacts of desert dust, highlighting the Middle East as one of the world&#8217;s major dust source regions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(8)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Goudie, A. S.<\/td>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Desert dust and human health<\/td>\n<td>Demonstrated that dust exposure increases respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and significantly degrades environmental quality.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(9)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Shao, Y. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Global dust cycle<\/td>\n<td>Explained dust generation, atmospheric transport, deposition processes, and their influence on climate and ecosystems.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(10)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Ginoux, P. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Dust source identification<\/td>\n<td>Distinguished between natural and anthropogenic dust sources and assessed their contributions to regional air pollution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(11)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Boloorani, A. D. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Dust sources in the Middle East<\/td>\n<td>Identified Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iran as the principal dust source areas affecting the region.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(12)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Alizadeh-Choobari, O. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Dust storm climatology<\/td>\n<td>Reviewed the climatic drivers, frequency, and environmental consequences of dust storms across the Middle East.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(13)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Goudie, A. S. &amp; Middleton, N. J.<\/td>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Desert dust processes<\/td>\n<td>Provided a comprehensive overview of dust formation, transport mechanisms, and global environmental impacts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(14)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Hamidi, M. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Environmental effects of dust storms<\/td>\n<td>Reported significant impacts on soil degradation, vegetation loss, water resources, and ecosystem stability.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(15)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Querol, X. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Long-range dust transport<\/td>\n<td>Demonstrated that transboundary dust transport substantially reduces air quality and increases health risks.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(16)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>World Meteorological Organization (WMO)<\/td>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Monitoring and early warning systems<\/td>\n<td>Highlighted the importance of regional monitoring networks and early warning systems for reducing dust storm impacts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(17)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<\/td>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Global assessment of sand and dust storms<\/td>\n<td>Reviewed the environmental, economic, and social impacts of dust storms and emphasized sustainable land management.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(18)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>World Health Organization (WHO)<\/td>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Air quality and public health<\/td>\n<td>Confirmed that airborne particulate matter from dust storms poses serious health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(19)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Prospero, J. M. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Global dust source characterization<\/td>\n<td>Summarized the spatial distribution of global dust sources and their effects on atmospheric and terrestrial environments.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>(20)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Boloorani, A. D. et al.<\/td>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Dust transport and environmental impacts<\/td>\n<td>Reviewed dust transport pathways, climate interactions, and ecological impacts throughout the Middle East.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3: Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The studies reviewed show that dust storms are considered one of the most important environmental problems in the Middle East. The increase in frequency and intensity of dust storm events is due to the arid climate of the region causing decreasing precipitation, increasing temperature, desertification and pervasive land degradation. These environmental changes led to an increase in dust source regions, especially in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iran, which resulted in increased atmospheric dust loading and transboundary transport to adjacent countries [22].The results also show that dust storms have a significant effect on environmental quality through multiple channels. High levels of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) deteriorate air quality, reduce visibility, influence the regional radiation balance and contribute to changes in local and regional climate conditions. Moreover, the continuous accumulation of dust affects the fertility of the soil, leads to land degradation, pollutes surface water resources and reduces agricultural productivity, thus threatening food security and the sustainability of the whole ecosystem of the region [23].Another important finding is the strong association between dust storm exposure and public health, as mentioned in earlier studies. High levels of airborne particulate matter have been linked to increased rates of respiratory, cardiovascular and allergic diseases, and to more hospital admissions, particularly among children, the elderly and those with chronic diseases. These health impacts contribute to the burden on health care systems and highlight the need for effective environmental monitoring and early-warning programs [24].Recent advances in satellite remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), atmospheric transport models and climate simulations have greatly improved the monitoring and forecasting of dust storm events. These technologies enable accurate identification of dust source regions, transport pathways, and environmental hotspots, leading to more effective mitigation techniques and sustainable environmental management. More research is required to combine climate change projections, land-use planning, and regional cooperation to reduce dust emissions and their environmental and socioeconomic impacts in the Middle East .<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4: Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dust storms are among the most significant environmental problems in the Middle East because of their extensive effects on air quality, climate, ecosystems, water resources, agriculture and public health. The literature review shows that the increasing frequency and intensity of dust storms in the region are mainly driven by climate change, desertification, land degradation and unsustainable land-use practices. Advances in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and atmospheric modeling over the past decade have significantly improved dust storm monitoring, forecasting and environmental assessment. However, the adverse impacts of dust storms require integrated regional cooperation, sustainable land management, continuous environmental monitoring and implementation of effective mitigation and early-warning strategies. Future research should aim at the development of climate-resilient environmental policies and improvement of interdisciplinary approaches for better understanding and management of dust storm hazards in the Middle East.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5: References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Goudie, A. S. (2014). Desert dust and human health disorders. <em>Environment International, 63<\/em>, 101\u2013113. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2013.10.011\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2013.10.011<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shao, Y., Klose, M., &amp; Wyrwoll, K. H. (2013). Recent global dust trend and connections to climate forcing. <em>Aeolian Research, 8<\/em>, 5\u201314.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ginoux, P., Prospero, J. M., Gill, T. E., Hsu, N. C., &amp; Zhao, M. (2012). Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products. <em>Reviews of Geophysics, 50<\/em>(3).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Middleton, N. J. (2017). Desert dust hazards: A global review. <em>Aeolian Research, 24<\/em>, 53\u201363.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). <em>WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide<\/em>. Geneva: WHO.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2016). <em>Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms<\/em>. Nairobi: UNEP.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alizadeh-Choobari, O., Zawar-Reza, P., &amp; Sturman, A. (2016). The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on climate and environment. <em>Atmospheric Research<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Boloorani, A. D., et al. (2021). Dust storm sources in the Middle East: Identification, monitoring and impacts. <em>Atmospheric Pollution Research<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rashki, A., Kaskaoutis, D. G., et al. (2021). Dust storms in Iran: Distribution, causes, frequencies and impacts. <em>Aeolian Research, 48<\/em>, 100655. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1875963720301075?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0643\u062a<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Querol, X., et al. (2019). African dust influence on air quality and human health. <em>Science of the Total Environment<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prospero, J. M., Bullard, J. E., &amp; Hodgkins, R. (2012). High-latitude dust over the North Atlantic: Inputs, sources and processes. <em>Aeolian Research<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Xi, X. (2020). Global aeolian dust variations and trends: A revisit of dust event and visibility observations from surface weather stations. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/341841159_Dust_storms_in_the_Middle_East?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">ResearchGate<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2021). <em>Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS) Implementation Plan<\/em>. Geneva: WMO.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Middleton, N. J. (1986). A geography of dust storms in Southwest Asia. <em>Journal of Climatology, 6<\/em>, 183\u2013196.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Namdari, S., Karimi, N., Sorooshian, A., Mohammadi, G. H., &amp; Sehatkashani, S. (2018). Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East. <em>Atmospheric Environment, 173<\/em>, 265\u2013276. (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desertification?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stenchikov, G. L., et al. (2018). Regional climate response to dust aerosols over the Middle East and North Africa. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kok, J. F., Ridley, D. A., Zhou, Q., et al. (2017). Smaller desert dust cooling effect estimated from analysis of dust size and abundance. <em>Nature Geoscience, 10<\/em>(4), 274\u2013278.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., et al. (2005). Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. <em>Science, 308<\/em>(5718), 67\u201371.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shao, Y. (2008). <em>Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion<\/em>. Springer.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2019). <em>Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Sources, Costs and Solutions<\/em>. World Bank. (<a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/483941576489819272\/pdf\/SAND-AND-DUST-STORMS-IN-THE-MIDDLE-EAST-AND-NORTH-AFRICA-MENA-REGION-SOURCES-COSTS-AND-SOLUTIONS.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">World Bank<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Querol, X., et al. (2025). Desert Sand and Dust Storms and Desert Dust Episodes. <em>Environmental Health Perspectives<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12706757\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">PubMed Central (PMC)<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Health Organization (WHO). (2025). <em>Understanding the Health Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms<\/em>. Geneva: WHO. (<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstreams\/e796b92c-2c8a-441c-bc50-c4c00ba8eb27\/download?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Middleton, N. J., &amp; Goudie, A. S. (2001). Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories. <em>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26<\/em>(2), 165\u2013181.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). (2022). <em>Global Sand and Dust Storm Assessment<\/em>. Geneva: UNCCD.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1: Introduction Dust storms are one of the important environmental phenomena affecting the arid and semi-arid areas in the world particularly in the Middle East. The large areas of desert, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17618","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17618"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17618\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17619,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17618\/revisions\/17619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}