{"id":1758,"date":"2021-10-01T10:31:14","date_gmt":"2021-10-01T10:31:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=1758"},"modified":"2021-10-01T10:31:19","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T10:31:19","slug":"2-10-21","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/2-10-21\/","title":{"rendered":"Evaluating the efficiency of water network lines based on GIS"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Dr. Hoziefa Abbas Alamin Alnaim1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Almaarefa College of Science and Technology- Sudan<\/p>\n

Email: hoziefa.abbas@yahoo.com<\/a><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21021<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/10\/2021 Accepted at 25\/09\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This study aims to find out the causes of the water outage in the study area, which is the locality of Jubal Awliya, one of the localities of Khartoum state, and then to reach the reasons for this, is it the bad design of the water network in the area and whether it should establish a new network or rehabilitate the existing network.<\/p>\n

The population of the region suffers from intermittent water access, which affects human health and the environment, and affects the population growth in the region and the need to study the efficiency of water distribution systems, the high drop-out rate and the increase in agricultural activities in squares, squares and walls of houses that require water.<\/p>\n

ARCGIS is one of the strongest systems of drawing and analysis and with comprehensive data capacity of all kinds of areas of life, and with this analytical force, there are some countries of the world that have started to use this program in their daily dealings within the government service institutions and thus affect the future of these institutions on its economy and facilities, since these countries are considered developing countries and Sudan is considered one of them, of the most prominent features of ARCGIS program is its ability to simulate threefold dimensions and create an updated database and Save them on paper and on computers.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>causes, locality, network, rehabilitate, environment, drop-out, ARCGIS, systems, structures, spatial location.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n

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\u062f. \u062d\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u06451<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 – \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: hoziefa.abbas@yahoo.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21021<\/p>\n

\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/10\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 25\/09\/2021\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ARCGIS \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ARC GIS \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ARCGIS \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ARC MAP \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\n

1- Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Water networks should be long lasting and stable Taking into consideration that Jubal Aweliya Locality has areas of water supply we redoing this research aiming to design water network to help the populace with an easy and modern access to water.<\/p>\n

The general benefit of GIS applications is that they offer their users an answer to the models of questions, to access solutions that discuss both location and condition conditions and form model, and then take advantage of them to answer the previously identified questions. Use of contour lines analysis that illustrate the heights and low of earth and DEM, analyzing water Line networks using of tool utility network analyst.<\/p>\n

2- Location of study Area<\/strong><\/p>\n

Here we mean the astronomical and geographical location and the decline from sea level or Proximity and distance from the equator. Local Jubal Awliya geographical location and borders of the White Nile begins westward the drainage south of Azuzab, heading east to cross the railway Line, heading south, eastward and north to return and continue eastward with the Railway line to the warehouse area.<\/p>\n

The local is located between two degrees\u2019 width 15.2608 north and longitude 32.2516 east and Rises from the sea surface height of<\/p>\n

382 m.<\/p>\n

2-1- Administrative division of Jubal Awliya locality<\/strong><\/p>\n

The local was established by a decree issued by the state government in 2003 and consists of the following administrative units this Jubal Aweliya administrative unit and al Nasr unit and Al-Azhari administrative unit and al klakla administrative unit, following figure (1). (General Administration Area of Khartoum State).<\/p>\n

\"E:\\1..jpg\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

Figure (1): <\/strong>Jubal Awliya locality.<\/p>\n

Source (Ministry of urban planning in Khartoum states)<\/p>\n

3- Problems of the Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Problem is that a few houses are supplied with tap water but water pressure is low in pipes according to studies. There is need to find solutions which can overcome the problems of the region with regard to the water network. It is possible to solve the problem of the networks that do not have constant water supply or reduce it to a minimum through the development.<\/p>\n

Of database for the m3anagement of the water distribution network systems using geographical mapping which this study is trying to do in this project.<\/p>\n

4- Hypothesis Research <\/strong><\/p>\n

This research is based on a number of assumptions and is represented in the following:<\/p>\n

1-Population growth in the area has significant role in the decrease of the water supply Because of the increasing consumption.<\/p>\n

2-The lack of material resources has significant impact on the worsening water crisis in the area.<\/p>\n

3-The water problems in the area and have negative multiple effect on its development.<\/p>\n

4-The geographical location affects the momentum of water in the study area.<\/p>\n

5-The inadequate and limited number of machinery and stations has contributed in the Growing Problem of water shortage in the study area.<\/p>\n

5- Objectives Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- design and management of water distribution networks that are not regularly covered by water the focus has been on such networks.<\/p>\n

2- Relationship between water pipelines and surface.<\/p>\n

3- This study aims to draw attention to one of the rural areas that can contribute significantly to overall agricultural production if available water resources were stabilized.<\/p>\n

6- pipeline<\/strong><\/p>\n

With diminishing water supplies and rapid population growth, communities and countries are being prompted to investigate alternative water resources. With growing population, this number will drastically increase, especially as we continue to abuse, pollute, and deplete our current supplies.<\/p>\n

Water pipelines are built and often, in the form of parts connected together by footnotes private connections installed to prevent water leakage, or tighten the valves that prevent the payment of water and gas leaks.<\/p>\n

The length of the pipeline could be up to more than 4,800 km. The diameters of pipelines ranging between five centimeters and 5 meters. And buried pipelines under the earth’s surface about meters, while others are thrown on the ground or Placed on the pillars installed on the roof, (Tutorial 1, piping system online).<\/p>\n

6-1- Type of pipeline <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Glazed pottery, including pipes and normal.<\/li>\n
  2. Pipe Viper armed fiber glass.<\/li>\n
  3. Metal tubes of steel and cast iron and gray cast a floppy.<\/li>\n
  4. Tubes of regular and reinforced concrete.<\/li>\n
  5. Plastic pipes poly Atheling or polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    6-2- Diameters<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Water from a quarter inch to 4-inch connections to homes.<\/p>\n

    And measured polypropylene Tubes with 20 ml of milliseconds and up to 160 mm, the exchange of 150 mm to 700 mm, Regression Complexes and tunnels until 1000 mm 3500 mm Hoses up to 200 mm.<\/p>\n

    6-3-Valves<\/strong><\/p>\n

    mechanical device used to control liquid or gas flow in particular flow system, or to regulate Pressure in certain locations of this system, the valves are graded from valves diameter of several centimeters to the valves of several meters\u2019 diameter, the valves are used in distribution water networks in cities for a variety of purposes.<\/p>\n

    <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figurer (2):<\/strong> Stage design of Project. Source (Author.2021)<\/p>\n

    7-Pipe Networks Design<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The Pipe design module allows users to rapidly select least-cost pipe lay-outs for new Network design or rehabilitation programs the new module applies sophisticated optimization techniques to select the lowest cost design subject to the quality of service constraints, following figure (2).<\/p>\n

    Users also provide design constraints such as minimum and maximum pressures and Velocities that must be maintained in the resulting design.<\/p>\n

    Each constraint can be weighted so that some constraints are given greater consideration than others in determining final design, (Dr.Gamma Dawood<\/a> 2014).<\/p>\n

    8-Design layers<\/strong><\/p>\n

    After obtaining all the required data, the number of layers needed for the study was<\/p>\n

    Determined, namely, fourteen layers as follows:<\/p>\n

    8-1-Water network layers<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1- Main Pipes layer.<\/p>\n

    2- Sub-line layer (Secondary Pipes).<\/p>\n

    3- Control valve layer (get Valve).<\/p>\n

    4-Source layer.<\/p>\n

    8-2-Design of metadata tables<\/strong><\/p>\n

    After you select the number of layers and the type of each layer, the number and type of Fields for each layer are specified.<\/p>\n

    8-3-Creating layers<\/strong><\/p>\n

    To create a new geo database, the arc catalog is pressed from within the ARCMAP program.<\/p>\n

    To create a new geo database, follow these steps connect folder was pressed and the project folder was selected, and the geographic database was created by choosing New\/File Geo database, and the new feature data set was selected.<\/p>\n

    The coordinate system was chosen based on the shape file of the ministry of urban planning Khartoum state department of Information systems geography and the preparation of digital maps.<\/p>\n

    8-4-Digitizing Process<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Layers are inserted in the ARC map to avoid errors snapping is activated, and then start the digitization process using the editor, where you choose the layer you want to work on and choose create feature.<\/p>\n

    Using the sketch tool by clicking on the first point to start digitization, and then drawing the selected parameter, when the drawing finishes, the right mouse button is pressed and the finish sketch is selected, so the rest of the features are continued in the rest of established Layers.<\/p>\n

    8-5-Create Database<\/strong><\/p>\n

    In the program Arc Catalog created as:<\/p>\n

    8-6-Creating a personal geo database<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Involves creating an\u00a0mdb\u00a0file on disk this can be done from the Catalog tree in\u00a0ARCMAP\u00a0or using create personal GDB<\/a>\u00a0geo processing tool.<\/p>\n

    Create personal GDB\u00a0geo -Processing tool, you can create geo database that corresponds to an older release of ARCGIS.<\/p>\n

    This ability allows you to share data with people who have older releases the ARCGIS, since older releases of ARCGIS may not be able to open newer releases of the geo-Database, (Tutorial 2, ESRI ARC GIS web site online).<\/p>\n

    To create new geo database and personal geo data base in arc catalog is pressed from within the ARCMAP program after that building pipelines and valves following figure (3).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Figure (3):<\/strong> Digitization. Source (Author. 2021)<\/p>\n

    8-7-Diameter pipelines<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Each pipe takes a certain size, the main line is 32 inches and then branches to 24, 12,8 and 6, And in the internal streets takes 4 inches and enters the houses 2 inches and a half inches.<\/p>\n

    8-8-Material pipelines<\/strong><\/p>\n

    A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport treated drinking water to consumers the varieties include large diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns, smaller branch lines that supply street or group of buildings, or small diameter pipes located within individual Buildings. Materials commonly used to construct water pipes include cast iron polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Copper, steel or concrete, following figure (4,5,6)<\/p>\n

    Water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport drinking water to consumers, if the Water is treated before distribution or point of use (POU) depends on the context, (Water Aid .2010).<\/p>\n

    \"3.jpg\"<\/p>\n

    Figure (4):<\/strong> UPVC, HOPE. Source. (Author.2021)<\/p>\n

    \"images.jpg\" \"Related<\/p>\n

    Figure (5):<\/strong> PVC, HOPE. Source (Khartoum State Water Authority).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"E:\\pipline.jpg\" \"E:\\va.jpg\"<\/p>\n

    Figure (6): Pipelines maps. Source (Author.2021)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    9-Principle of GIS<\/strong><\/p>\n

    A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying\u00a0data\u00a0related to positions on Earth\u2019s surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships.<\/p>\n

    GIS\u00a0technology\u00a0is a\u00a0crucial\u00a0part of\u00a0spatial data\u00a0infrastructure, which the White House defines as \u201cthe technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data.<\/p>\n

    Such a map would help people determine where water supplies are most at risk, (Caitlin Dempsey GIS Learning. 2015)<\/p>\n

    9-1-Program used<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The program is an integrated family of number of GIS programs produced by ESRI (Institute and Environmental Research Systems) of America for the production and analysis of digital Maps.<\/p>\n

    10-Topographic maps (contour) <\/strong><\/p>\n

    maps that illustrate the horizontal drawing of different parts of the levels of the surface of the earth according to specific scale of drawing.<\/p>\n

    This map shows the general shape of the surface the earth and sites of cities and roads and borders and others, (S. Spinello and G. Pascal.2004).<\/p>\n

    10-1-Digital elevation model<\/strong><\/p>\n

    A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital model or 3D representation of terrain’s Surface commonly for a planet (including Earth), moon, or asteroid created from terrain elevation data, following figure (7), (P. Arrighi and P. Soille.1999).<\/p>\n

    10-2-Slope<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Surface of which one end or side is higher level than another a rising or falling Surface he Slithered helplessly down the slope (of surface or line) be inclined from horizontal or vertical line, slant up or down, following figure (7).<\/p>\n

    The garden\u00a0sloped down\u00a0to a stream slope is calculated by finding the ratio of the “Vertical Change” to the “horizontal change” between (any) two distinct points on Line. Sometimes the ratio is expressed as quotient (rise over run), giving the same number for every two distinct Points on the same line. line that is decreasing has a negative rise,<\/p>\n

    (L. Eikvil, K. Aas, and H. Koren.1995).<\/p>\n

    The line may be practical as set by a road surveyor, or in a diagram that models a road or roof either as a description or as a plan:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1-<\/strong>The\u00a0direction\u00a0of a\u00a0line<\/a>\u00a0is increasing, decreasing, horizontal or vertical.<\/p>\n

    2 –<\/strong> A line is increasing if it goes up from left to right. The slope is positive, i.e. m>0.<\/p>\n

    3-<\/strong> A line is decreasing if it goes down from left to right. The slope is negative, i.e. m<0.<\/p>\n

    4-<\/strong> If a line is horizontal the slope is zero. This is a constant function.<\/p>\n

    5 –<\/strong>If a line is vertical the slope is undefined (see below).<\/p>\n

    6-<\/strong> The steepness, incline, or grade of a line is measured by the absolute value of the Slope.<\/p>\n

    7-<\/strong>Slope with a greater absolute value indicates a steeper line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"slop.jpg\" \"DEM.jpg\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Figure (7):<\/strong> Dem and Slope. Source (Author.2021)<\/p>\n

    10-3-<\/strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

    Identifies the down slope direction of the maximum rate of change in value from each cell to its neighbors, it can be thought of as the slope direction. The values of each cell in the output raster indicate the compass direction that the surface faces at that location. It is measured clockwise in degrees from 0 (due north) to 360 (again due north), coming full circle. Flat areas having no down Slope direction are given a value of the value of each cell in an Aspect dataset indicates the direction the cell’s slope faces, (R. Samet, I. Askerzade, and C. Varol.2010).<\/p>\n

    The study area has been cut from Aspect<\/a> data, following figure (8).<\/p>\n

    \"Aspect.jpg\"\"C:\\Users\\LENOVO\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\SNAGHTML698b30.PNG\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figure (8)<\/strong>: Aspect. Source (Author.2021)<\/p>\n

    10-4-Contour lines<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Is the imaginary curved line has fixed level on the surface of the earth and is produced by horizontal plane intersection Imaginary with the earth’s surface and reaches all points of one Level.<\/p>\n

    10-4-1-Characteristics of contour lines<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Contour lines have the following characteristics:<\/p>\n

    1- It retreats towards the water dispensers.<\/p>\n

    2- The distance between the contour line and another is the vertical distance fixed on the surface of the earth.<\/p>\n

    3-Which the convergence of contour lines indicates the intensity of the slope and its divergence indicates a slight decline, following figure (9).<\/p>\n

    4 -Contour lines do not intersect unless there is cave, (Ganpatrao and J. K. Ghosh.2014).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Figure (9):<\/strong> contour lines. Source (Author.2021)<\/p>\n

    10-5-Separator contour<\/strong><\/p>\n

    This is the vertical distance between the contour line and the next line, this difference may be in meters or feet depending on the type of measurement, Kilometers or miles, following figure (10).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Figure (10): <\/strong>Separator contour. Source (Author.2021)<\/p>\n

    10-5-1-Slopes in the ground<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The slopes have a clear effect on plant, animal and urban life they determine the Shape of Water drainage patterns and are responsible for soil erosion, transport Routes and contour maps that show us the slope and intensity gradients can be divided by gradient to:<\/p>\n