{"id":17457,"date":"2026-07-27T20:30:33","date_gmt":"2026-07-27T20:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-48\/"},"modified":"2026-07-27T20:33:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-27T20:33:30","slug":"7-7-48","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-7-48\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 48"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623.\u062f. \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062c<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Khalil Jassim Hammadi Al-Janabi\u00b9, Prof. Dr. Rima Faraj\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Islamic University of Beirut, Lebanon.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/48' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/48<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/48' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/48<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 856 - 871<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-48.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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J. H., Faraj R.. (2026). Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/48&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Janabi Khalil Jassim Hammadi, Faraj Rima. 2026. \\&quot;Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/48&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Janabi K. J. H., Faraj R.. 2026. Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-07-28]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-48\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/48&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Janabi K. J. H., Faraj R.. Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/48&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Janabi K. J. H., Faraj R., \\&quot;Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/48&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Janabi Khalil Jassim Hammadi, Faraj Rima. \\&quot;Rules Governing Defenses to Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/48&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062e. \u062c. \u062d\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062c \u0631. 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style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the rules governing defenses to civil liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence technologies, particularly in light of their relative autonomy, ability to learn and make decisions, and the multiplicity of parties involved in their design, programming, and operation. It aims to determine the extent to which traditional rules governing defenses to liability can be applied to harm caused by intelligent systems and to analyze the general and specific grounds that may be invoked to exclude or mitigate liability. The study adopts an analytical approach by examining relevant legal provisions and jurisprudential opinions, alongside a comparative approach drawing on selected legislation and contemporary legal trends. It addresses the forms of external cause, namely force majeure, the act of the injured party, and the act of a third party, as well as their effect on breaking the causal link. It also examines the distinctive characteristics of artificial intelligence technologies, particularly their autonomy in decision-making, learning capabilities, and applicability to the traditional concept of the custody of things. The study concludes that the general rules governing defenses to civil liability remain applicable to harm caused by artificial intelligence; however, their effectiveness faces practical challenges due to the complexity of these systems and the difficulty of identifying the party directly responsible for the harm. It further finds that the autonomy or learning capacity of an intelligent system should not, in itself, constitute a ground for exemption from liability. The study recommends adopting specific legislation governing artificial intelligence liability, expanding the concepts of \u201cthings\u201d and \u201ccustody\u201d to include both tangible and intangible AI applications, introducing the concept of \u201celectronic custody,\u201d establishing mandatory insurance, and creating a compensation fund for victims of exceptional incidents caused by these technologies.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Artificial intelligence; civil liability; defenses to liability; external cause; force majeure; electronic custody.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2_ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0626\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3_ \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b_ \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong>: \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646<\/strong>: \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b_ \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17457-_Toc158579969\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b_ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2005.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Osama Ahmed Badr, The Concept of Custody in Civil Liability: A Comparative Study, 1st ed., Dar Al-Jamia Al-Jadida Publishing House, Alexandria, Egypt, 2005.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 1987.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anwar Sultan, Sources of Obligations in Jordanian Civil Law: A Comparative Study with Islamic Jurisprudence, 1st ed., University of Jordan Publications, Amman, Jordan, 1987.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2020.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ayman Mohammed Al-Asyouti, The Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence, 1st ed., Dar Misr for Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, Egypt, 2020.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2002.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hassan Ali Al-Dhanoon and Mohammed Saeed Al-Rahho, A Concise Treatise on the General Theory of Obligations, Vol. I: Sources of Obligations\u2014A Comparative Study with Islamic and Comparative Jurisprudence, 1st ed., Dar Wael for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan, 2002.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 196\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 2014.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Safat Salama and Khalil Abu Qura, The Challenges and Ethics of the Robotics Era, 1st ed., Strategic Studies Series, No. 196, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0637\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2010.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Taha Jabbar, The Basis of Civil Liability for Unlawful Acts: Between Fault and Damage, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Qanuniyya, Alexandria, Egypt, 2010.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 1999.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Atef Al-Naqib, The General Theory of Liability Arising from Things: Its Legal Principles and Practical Aspects, Sader Legal Publications, Beirut, Lebanon, 1999.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abd al-Razzaq Ahmed Al-Sanhuri, Al-Wasit in the Explanation of the New Civil Law, Vol. I: The General Theory of Obligations\u2014Sources of Obligations, 1st ed., Sader Legal Publications, Beirut, Lebanon, 2022.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 1963.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abd al-Majid Al-Hakim, A Concise Explanation of Civil Law, Vol. I: Sources of Obligations with a Comparison to Islamic Jurisprudence, 2nd ed., Al-Ahlia Printing and Publishing Company, Baghdad, Iraq, 1963.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2007.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abd al-Majid Al-Hakim, A Concise Explanation of Civil Law: Sources of Obligations, 1st ed., Al-Maktaba Al-Qanuniyya, Baghdad, Iraq, 2007.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06376\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2019.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mustafa Al-Ouji, Civil Law, Vol. II: Civil Liability, 6th ed., Al-Halabi Legal Publications, Beirut, Lebanon, 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 76\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 1516\u20131630.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmed Ali Hassan Othman, \u201cThe Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Civil Law: A Comparative Study,\u201d Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, Issue 76, Egypt, 2021, pp. 1516\u20131630.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 28 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2020.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fatiha Hizam, \u201cChallenges of Civil Liability Arising from Smart Things,\u201d Selected Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Future of Civil Liability, M\u2019Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria, January 28, 2020.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 299\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 2017.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saeed Khalfan Al-Dhaheri, Artificial Intelligence: The New Competitive Power, Future Foresight and Decision Support Center, Dubai Police, Issue 299, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2017.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u00ab\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 13\u201344.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammed Suleiman Al-Ahmad, \u201cPrinciples of Legislative Drafting,\u201d Journal of Legal Studies, Council of Representatives of Bahrain, Vol. 3, No. 3, Bahrain, 2020, pp. 13\u201344.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 250\u2013311. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/MJLE.2022.217178\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/MJLE.2022.217178<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mustafa Mohammed Mahmoud Abdel Karim, \u201cThe Liability of the Custodian of Machines Operated by Artificial Intelligence and What Egyptian Legislation Ought to Provide,\u201d Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, Special Issue, Egypt, 2021, pp. 250\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/MJLE.2022.217178<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u00ab\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 32\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 74\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2018\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 185\u2013261.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Younis Salah Eddin Ali, \u201cDefenses to Civil Liability Claims Arising from Torts in English Law: An Analytical Comparative Study of Cases of Exclusion or Mitigation of Liability for Harmful Acts under Iraqi and UAE Laws,\u201d Journal of Sharia and Law, United Arab Emirates University, Vol. 32, No. 74, April 2018, pp. 185\u2013261.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamed Ahmed Lasoudi Al-Darei, Civil Liability for Accidents Involving Self-Driving Vehicles: A Comparative Study, Master\u2019s Thesis in Private Law, College of Law, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, May 2019.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a 2019\u20132020.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Christian Youssef, Civil Liability Arising from the Acts of Artificial Intelligence, Research Master\u2019s Thesis in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political and Administrative Sciences, Branch II, Lebanese University, Lebanon, Academic Year 2019\u20132020.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 40 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Iraqi Civil Code No. 40 of 1951, as amended.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621: \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 19\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2016\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 58\u201361\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12816\/0036222\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639: 27 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2026.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ehab Khalifa, \u201cThe Internet of Things: Increasing Security Threats to Internet-Connected Devices,\u201d Event Trends Magazine, Issue 19, Future for Advanced Research and Studies, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, February 2016, pp. 58\u201361, available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12816\/0036222, accessed July 27, 2026.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u062a\u060c \u00ab\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 Azure\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/ar-SA\/azure\/architecture\/ai-ml\/\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639: 27 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2026.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Microsoft, \u201cArtificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Architecture,\u201d Azure Architecture Center, available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/architecture\/ai-ml\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/architecture\/ai-ml\/<\/a>, accessed July 27, 2026.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635197. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (146) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 40 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: &#8220;1 \u2013 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>2 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643&#8221;. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>)\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635227. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 464. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2022\u060c \u0635878. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 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\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 2019\u060c \u063584. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 540\/ \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ 2010\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 9\/6\/2010\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0637\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2010\u060c \u063537. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 211 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u064540 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1951. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2019\u060c \u0635366. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 131 \u0645 \u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 &#8211; \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 131 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. (\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c\u00a02003\u060c\u00a0\u0635\u00a0334). <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063591. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 558. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (211) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 40 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 338. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 11\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 76\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u06351601. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635174. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c 2020\u060c \u063528. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 299\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635417. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635266. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635457. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0645: \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 196\u060c 2014\u060c \u063579. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2020\u060c \u063548. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/ar-SA\/azure\/architecture\/ai-ml\/\">https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/ar-SA\/azure\/architecture\/ai-ml\/<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629: 6\/5\/2026. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/arabic\/articles\/news\/drones-two-sided\/\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/arabic\/articles\/news\/drones-two-sided\/<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629: 6\/5\/2026. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a 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href=\"https:\/\/e3arabi.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3\/\">https:\/\/e3arabi.com\/<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629: 3\/11\/2023. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628 &#8220;\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627&#8221; \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 &#8220;\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a &#8220;\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/news\/scienceandtechnology\/2022\/6\/13\/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B9-google-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8B%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/news\/scienceandtechnology\/2022\/6\/13\/%<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629: 6\/5\/2026 <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 97% \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u201d\u060c\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lebanese-forces.com\/2021\/12\/26\/judge-21\/#google_vignette\">https:\/\/www.lebanese-forces.com\/2021\/12\/26\/judge-21\/#google_vignette<\/a>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629: 6\/5\/2026. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2020\u060c \u063549. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17457-footnote-33\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>() <\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063553. <a href=\"#post-17457-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17457","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17457"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17459,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17457\/revisions\/17459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}