{"id":17443,"date":"2026-07-19T13:26:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-19T13:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-47\/"},"modified":"2026-07-19T13:28:32","modified_gmt":"2026-07-19T13:28:32","slug":"7-7-47","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-7-47\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 47"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Fatma_agbaria@hotmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Fatima Yousef Mustafa Mar\u2018i Mahamid\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 PhD Student in Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> Fatma_agbaria@hotmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 832 - 855<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-47.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Y. M. M.. (2026). The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Mahamid, Fatima Yousef Mustafa Mar\u2018i.. 2026. \\&quot;The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Mahamid, F. Y. M. M.. 2026. The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-07-22]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-47\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Mahamid, F. Y. M. M.. The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/47&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Mahamid, F. Y. M. M., \\&quot;The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/47&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Mahamid, Fatima Yousef Mustafa Mar\u2018i.. \\&quot;The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Peer Teaching Strategy in Developing Social Interaction Skills among Primary School Students.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/47&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0641. \u064a. \u0645. \u0645. 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\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a training program based on the peer teaching strategy in developing social interaction skills among primary school students. The study was motivated by the need to employ contemporary instructional strategies that promote positive interaction among students and enhance their social skills within the school environment, given the limited number of Arabic studies addressing practical peer teaching-based programs at the primary school level. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design involving experimental and control groups with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements. The study sample consisted of 28 students from the first and fifth grades in a primary school, with 14 students assigned to the experimental group and 14 to the control group. Fifth-grade students served as peer tutors, while first-grade students acted as peer learners. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher developed a training program based on the peer teaching strategy and administered a Social Interaction Skills Scale after establishing its validity and reliability. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The findings revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental andcontrol groups on the post-test in favor of the experimental group on the Social Interaction Skills Scale. The results also demonstrated the sustainability of the program's effect at the follow-up measurement, confirming the effectiveness of the training program in developing social interaction skills among primary school students. The study recommends integrating the peer teaching strategy into primary education programs and school activities due to its positive impact on enhancing social interaction, communication, cooperation, and responsibility among students. It also recommends conducting further research to investigate the effectiveness of this strategy across different educational stages and with other variables.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Peer Teaching Strategy; Social Interaction Skills; Primary School Students.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629. (Bandura, 1977)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 (Zone of Proximal Development). \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646Vygotsky, 1978)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Bandura, 1977; Vygotsky, 1978).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (Bandura, 1977). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Bandura, 1977).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (Bandura, 1977\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 (Zone of Proximal Development)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 (Vygotsky, 1978).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a (Vygotsky, 1978\u061b Ormrod, 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 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justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 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\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (SPSS)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>2.56<\/td>\n<td>0.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>1.93<\/td>\n<td>0.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 (ANCOVA) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3) \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 (<\/strong>ANCOVA<strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 <\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\n<th>Partial Eta Squared<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th>0.402<\/th>\n<th>1<\/th>\n<th>0.402<\/th>\n<th>9.277<\/th>\n<th>0.005<\/th>\n<th>0.001<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th>2.612<\/th>\n<th>1<\/th>\n<th>2.612<\/th>\n<th>60.253<\/th>\n<th>0.000<\/th>\n<th>0.707<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623<\/th>\n<th>1.084<\/th>\n<th>25<\/th>\n<th>0.043<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u062d<\/th>\n<th>4.500<\/th>\n<th>27<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (Paired Samples t-test).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 &#8221; \u062a&#8221;<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th>14<\/th>\n<th>2.56<\/th>\n<th>0.32<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">1.960<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">0.11<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a<\/th>\n<th>14<\/th>\n<th>2.35<\/th>\n<th>0.37<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 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justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f 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justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c 2018\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2019\u061b Ormrod, 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 34(11\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644)\u060c 378\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/MFES.2018.105533<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Jihan El-Sayed Mohamed. (2018). Cooperative learning and its role in developing social adjustment skills among preschool children. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 34(11, Part 1), 378\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/MFES.2018.105533<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2019). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644: 200 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0637. 1). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ambusaidi, Abdullah bin Khamis, Al-Buraidiyah, Azza bint Saif, &amp; Al-Hosniyah, Huda bint Ali. (2019). Teacher strategies for effective teaching: 200 teaching ideas with practical examples (1st ed.). Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing, Distribution, and Printing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (2021). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646. \u062c\u0631\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 22(1)\u060c 381\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36091\/0550-022-001-013<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bani Younis, Firas Mahmoud, Al-Slaihat, Jihad Atta, Al-Alwan, Mohammad Saud Abdul Jalil, &amp; Tashtoush, Rami Abdullah Yousef. (2021). The effectiveness of a training program based on peer teaching in developing social interaction skills among students with learning disabilities in Jordan. Jerash for Research and Studies, 22(1), 381\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36091\/0550-022-001-013<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649. (2021). \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u0637. 8). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Khatib, Jamal, &amp; Al-Hadidi, Mona. (2021). Curricula and teaching methods in special education (8th ed.). Dar Al-Fikr Publishers and Distributors.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621. (2018). \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0637. 1). \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ramadan, Alia. (2018). Self-development and human development: A media perspective (1st ed.). Horus International Foundation for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631. (2025). \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0649\u060c 29(29)\u060c 24. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58963\/qausrj.v29i29.310\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58963\/qausrj.v29i29.310<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zabib, Thuraya Abdullah Nasher. (2025). The level of social interaction among kindergarten children in the schools of Sana\u2019a Capital: A field study. Queen Arwa University Journal, 29(29), 24. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58963\/qausrj.v29i29.310\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58963\/qausrj.v29i29.310<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0649. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saadeh, Jawdat Ahmad, Aql, Fawaz, Zamel, Majdi, Shteih, Jamil, &amp; Abu Arqub, Huda. (2018). Active learning: Between theory and practice. Dar Al-Shorouk for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f. (2010). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c (160)\u060c 168\u2013207.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El-Sayed, Howaida Saeed Abdel-Hamid. (2010). The effectiveness of an educational virtual reality environment in helping children with autism acquire selected social interaction skills. Studies in Curriculum and Teaching Methods, (160), 168\u2013207.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2015). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u0637. 2). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shehata, Hassan. (2015). A reference in cognitive psychology and teaching strategies (2nd ed.). The Egyptian Lebanese Publishing House.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644. (2012). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 28(3)\u060c 449\u2013471.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Tarawneh, Sabri Hassan Khalil. (2012). The effect of using cooperative learning on eighth-grade female students\u2019 achievement in mathematics and their attitudes toward it. Damascus University Journal for Educational and Psychological Sciences, 28(3), 449\u2013471.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2025). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 41(6.2)\u060c 41\u201370.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel-Jalil, Ali Sayed Mohamed, El-Bitar, Hamdy Mohamed Mohamed, &amp; Tahir, Ali Hassan Saleh Hamad Ali. (2025). The effectiveness of the peer teaching strategy in developing electrical concepts among industrial institute students in the State of Kuwait. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 41(6.2), 41\u201370.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 [\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631]. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adnan, Zahraa Falah. (2018). Social interaction among students of the College of Sports Science and Physical Education [Unpublished bachelor\u2019s research]. College of Education for Women, University of Al-Qadisiyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u0637. 1). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Atiya, Mohsen Ali. (2018). Active learning: Modern strategies and methods in teaching (1st ed.). Dar Al-Shorouk for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f. (2022). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 (\u0637. 1). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ghbeish, Nasser Fouad. (2022). Teaching and learning strategies in early childhood (1st ed.). Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing, Distribution, and Printing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. (2019). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 12(2)\u060c 193\u2013207.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Maimoun, Hadda, &amp; Brahimi, Samia. (2019). Cooperative learning strategy: Between theorization and obstacles to implementation. Psychological and Educational Studies, 12(2), 193\u2013207.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Taj, H. M., Arabiyat, R. B., Shogran, R. I., &amp; Abueita, S. D. (2024). Effectiveness of the peer tutoring program in improving academic performance among low-achievement female basic stage students. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), 19536\u201319544.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Che, J. C., &amp; Chu, K. H. (2020). Analyzing the relevance of peer relationship, learning motivation, and learning effectiveness. Sustainability, 12(10), 4061.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Haring, T. G., Bernstein, C., &amp; Krech, L. B. (2025). A self-advocate&#8217;s reflection on adolescent peer tutoring and special friend experiences. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 50(2), 89\u201392.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hidayat, R., &amp; Saad, M. R. M. (2025). A meta-analysis of the effect of peer tutoring in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 8, 100446.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kusmawati, N., &amp; Avni, N. (2025). The use of the peer teacher approach to improve learning outcomes and motivation. Indonesian Elementary School Journal, 2(1).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Muangmool, S. (2023). The development of social interaction for early childhood by using virtual reality application. ASEAN Journal of Education and Training, 9(1), 7\u201314. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20448\/edu.v9i1.4619\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20448\/edu.v9i1.4619<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ormrod, J. E. (2016). Human learning (7th ed.). Pearson.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Safitri, R. R., et al. (2025). 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Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24612-3_2001<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Widayati, P. A. (2023). Penerapan metode pembelajaran peer teaching untuk meningkatkan keaktifan siswa kelas II SDN Dukutalit 01 dalam pembelajaran tematik. IJES, 3(2), 206.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wijayanti, A. (2021). Efektivitas pembelajaran daring berbantuan YouTube dengan model peer teaching terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa. Alqoritma Journal of Mathematics Education, 3(1), 41\u201357.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u064a .(2009). \u05d0\u05dc\u05e7\u05dc\u05e2\u05d9, \u05e0&#8217;. (2009). \u05de\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u2013 \u05de\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05db\u05dd \u05dc\u05e6\u05dc\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e7\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05df: \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05dc\u05db\u05dc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17443","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17443"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17444,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17443\/revisions\/17444"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}