{"id":1715,"date":"2021-10-01T09:38:35","date_gmt":"2021-10-01T09:38:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=1715"},"modified":"2021-10-01T09:38:40","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T09:38:40","slug":"2-10-18","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/2-10-18\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a1<\/sup><\/strong> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0648\u062f\u06292<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: mr6462@yahoo.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21018<\/p>\n

\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/10\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 25\/09\/2021\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 ” \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a “\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u0649 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647. \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f “\u062c\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627”.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f “\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644”\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 ” \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648” \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646”.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c <\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>Research Article <\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

American hermeneutical semiotic philosophical premises<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Mustafa Kamal Al-Maani 1<\/sup> Dr. Raed Abdul-Jalil Al-Awawda 2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Assistant Professor – Al-Hussein Bin Talal University – Jordan<\/p>\n

Email: mr6462@yahoo.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Teacher at the Ministry of Education \u2013 Jordan<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21018<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/10\/2021 Accepted at 25\/09\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This research aims to present the philosophical premises of American hermeneutic semiotics as a procedural approach that seeks to approach texts and investigate their potentials, which is represented by Charles Sanders Peirce, where he started from a philosophical background represented in the \u201ccategory theory\u201d on which he relied in defining the sign indicating the mechanism of its production of significance by a series From semiotic referrals, highlighting the types of signs and their working mechanisms to produce and circulate significance.<\/p>\n

As \u201cPeirce\u201d to introduce the concept of the dynamic interpreter, which opens the door to interpretation wide. He is trying to make an epistemological break with the structural interpretation, which he sees as closing the door to the openness of interpretation towards infinity. He also broke with the deconstructive interpretation that is associated with the absurdity of \u201cJacques Derrida\u201d.<\/p>\n

The research also deals with the development of the semiotic method by Umberto Eco, who criticized \u201cPeirce\u201d neglect of the reader\u2019s role in the hermeneutic process, while Eco assigned him great importance through his use of the term \u201cconjecture\u201d.<\/p>\n

\n

Key Words: <\/strong>semiotics, Hermeneutics, structural hermeneutics, deconstructive hermeneutics, Categories Theory.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” Charles sanders peirce”(1839-1914)[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649- \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633- \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629[2]<\/a> <\/sup>\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u060c\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633”\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong> \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0621\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a :\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a: <\/strong>\u0625\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 “\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a” \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a” \u060c\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b”[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup> \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633( \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a( \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642).<\/li>\n
  2. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

    \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 (Representame) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639(Objet) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 (Interpretant) \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 (Semiose).<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629” \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644: \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647:”\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644) \u0647\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621: \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627”[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647.<\/li>\n
      2. \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n
      3. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n
      4. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 -\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n
      5. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639: \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n
      6. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633.<\/li>\n
      7. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n

        \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0641 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b:<\/p>\n

        \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

        \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a: \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

        \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 “\u0641\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a)”[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

        \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647” \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 “\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637:<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

        \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

        \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c “\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627”[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643.[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

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        1\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Qualisigne)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 (Sinsigne)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Legisigne).<\/p>\n

        \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/p>\n

        \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

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        \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n

        \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

        \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/em> \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0643\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629: (Index) \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 “\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629”[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. 2- \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635.3- \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 : (Symbol) \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

            3\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n

            \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a: \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

            \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

            \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

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            \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 . \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0630\u0627\u0643 “[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u064a\u0643\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 “\u062c\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 De la grammatologie .<\/p>\n

            \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 ….\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

            \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Derive interpretation) \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 “\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627”[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

            ” \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 (…) \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0634\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629”[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup> \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a…\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

            \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629(Abduction)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 “\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629”[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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            \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 :<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong>: \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0650\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627…<\/p>\n

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            \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b .<\/li>\n
            2. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 . \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
            3. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 )\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 ( \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a )\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a ). \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 “. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a .<\/li>\n
            4. \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 – \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 – \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n
            5. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
            6. \u0625\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633” \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 .<\/li>\n
            7. \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 “\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 ” \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646) \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              1- \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06392\u060c 1995<\/p>\n

              2- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b : \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u060c 1995\u0645.<\/p>\n

              3- \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 . \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634 \u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633. \u06371 .\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a . \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 . \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a . 2005 .<\/p>\n

              4- \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f \u0637\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 2003.<\/p>\n

              5- \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2005.<\/p>\n

              6- \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000.<\/p>\n

              7- \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 : \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1987.<\/p>\n

              8- \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0651\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646: \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c1996.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                10- pierce (cs). Ecrits sur le signe. Ed Seuil. Paris 1978.<\/p>\n

                11- Theresa Calvet de Maghlhaes : Signe ou symbole, Introduction \u00e0la s\u00e9miotique de C S Peirce,\u00e9d Louvain-la-neuve et Madrid, 1981.<\/p>\n

                12- Nicole Everaert-Desmedt : Le processus interpr\u00e9tatif, Introduction \u00e0 la s\u00e9miotique de C S Peirce, \u00e9d Mardaga , Bruxelles , 1990.<\/p>\n

                13- Enrico Carentini : L’action du signe, \u00e9d Louvain-la-neuve, Bruxelles 1984.<\/p>\n

                14- Umberto Eco : La structure absente, Introduction \u00e0 la recherche s\u00e9miotique, \u00e9d Mercure de France , 1972.<\/p>\n

                15- Eco. The Limits of Interpretation. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomingtom. 1990.<\/p>\n

                16- Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, The Johns Hopkins University Press,1976.<\/p>\n

                17- Mounin . George, Semoitic Praxis, Tr: Cathrine Tihanyi and others, Pienum Press, New York \u2013 London, 1985.<\/p>\n

                18- F.De Suasure , Course in General Linguistics , Translated by W . Baskin, New York, 1959.<\/p>\n

                \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u067e\u064a\u0631\u0633 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: Charles Sanders Peirce) \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (10 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1839-19 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1914). \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u067e\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1879\u06481884 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0646\u0632. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1887 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f 26 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a 1878\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1883\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0641 \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 80000 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u06461931 \u06481958\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u067e\u064a\u0631\u0633. \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                2. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 .. \u0625\u0644\u062e \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 : ( Semiology ) \u0645\u0646 ( Semion ) \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 ( F.De Saussure ) ( 1856-1913\u0645 ) \u0623\u0648 ( Semiotics ) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 Ch.S.Perice \u060c (1838-1914\u0645 ) . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ( Semiotics ) \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 . \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 : ( \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b ) \u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u06392 \u060c 1995 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 61-78 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                3. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 . \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634 \u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633. \u06371 .\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a . \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 . \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a . 2005 . \u0635 54 . \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 : peirce (cs). Ecrits sur le signe . Ed Seuil. Paris 1978 . p70. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                4. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f \u0637\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635 64\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646:Peirce (cs) : Ecrits sur le signe. p 121 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                5. Theresa Calvet de Maghlhaes : Signe ou symbole, Introduction \u00e0la s\u00e9miotique de C S Peirce,\u00e9d Louvain-la-neuve et Madrid, 1981, p 174 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                6. Nicole Everaert-Desmedt : Le processus interpr\u00e9tatif, Introduction \u00e0 la s\u00e9miotique de C S Peirce, \u00e9d Mardaga , Bruxelles , 1990, p 42 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                7. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 100. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                8. Theresa Calvet de Maghlhaes : Signe ou symbol, p 174 Peirce C P 8. 343 , in \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                9. \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 69\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646:Charles S Peirce : To lady, edited by I Roin.c.Lieb 18 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                10. Nicole Everaert-Desmedt : Le processus interpr\u00e9tatif, op cit pp 42-43 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                11. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c\u0635 119\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646:Peirce(cs) :Ecrits sur le signe.p 140. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                12. \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629.\u0635 11 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                13. \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 119. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                14. Theresa Calvet de Maghlhaes : Signe ou symbole, p 174 Peirce C P 8. 343 , in \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                15. Enrico Carentini : L’action du signe, \u00e9d Louvain-la-neuve, Bruxelles 1984, p27 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                16. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 157. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                17. Umberto Eco : La structure absente, Introduction \u00e0 la recherche s\u00e9miotique, \u00e9d Mercure de France , 1972, p. 66 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                18. \u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 123. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                19. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0635 36 -37 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
                20. \n

                  \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 188. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a1 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0648\u062f\u06292 1 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: mr6462@yahoo.com 2 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 – […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1715","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1715","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1715"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1715\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1752,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1715\/revisions\/1752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1715"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}