{"id":16975,"date":"2026-06-01T02:23:58","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-46\/"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:23:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:58","slug":"7-6-46","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-6-46\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 46"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623.\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629- \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Nasr Abdul Mohamed\u00b9, Prof. Dr. Mohammed Dakhil Kareem\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> University of Al-Hamdaniya, College of Education for Humanities, Department of History, Iraq.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/46' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/46<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/46' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/46<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (6). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 792 - 811<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-25 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-46.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A., Kareem M. D.. (2026). Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Mohamed Nasr Abdul, Kareem Mohammed Dakhil. 2026. \\&quot;Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Mohamed N. A., Kareem M. D.. 2026. Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-01]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-46\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Mohamed N. A., Kareem M. D.. Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Mohamed N. A., Kareem M. D., \\&quot;Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Mohamed Nasr Abdul, Kareem Mohammed Dakhil. \\&quot;Strategic Transformations in Iranian Armament (1990\u20132003).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646. \u0639\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645. \u062f. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646. \u0639\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645. \u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-06-01]. 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-46\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646. \u0639\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645. \u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-06-01\u061b 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646. \u0639\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645. \u062f. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (1990-2003)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/46&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a 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style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examined the strategic transformations in the Iranian nuclear program during the period from 1990 to 2003 and the accompanying security repercussions on the Arabian Gulf region. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the nature of the transformations experienced by Iran in the field of nuclear armament, as it shifted from modest research programs during the Shah\u2019s era to an ambitious strategic project aimed at completing the nuclear fuel cycle. The study revealed that Iran adopted a multi-source strategy in developing its nuclear program, including cooperation with Russia in the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant project, collaboration with China in establishing the Isfahan Uranium Conversion Facility, as well as benefiting from the Abdul Qadeer Khan network to obtain centrifuge technology. The study concluded that the Iranian nuclear program constituted a strategic threat to regional security and contributed to reshaping the balance of power in the Middle East.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Iranian nuclear program, nuclear deterrence, Arabian Gulf region, nuclear proliferation, regional security, strategic armament.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16975","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16975"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16975\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}