{"id":16972,"date":"2026-06-01T02:23:57","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-43\/"},"modified":"2026-06-06T18:08:08","modified_gmt":"2026-06-06T18:08:08","slug":"7-6-43","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-6-43\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 43"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Khadija Hassan Mohamed Hassan<sup>1<\/sup>, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim\u00b2, Khaled Abdelrazik Ahmed\u00b3<\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p>\u00b9 M.Sc. Candidate, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan.<\/p><p>\u00b2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan.<\/p><p>\u00b3 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/43' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/43<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/43' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/43<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (6). Pages:<\/strong> 732 - 744<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-05-20 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-05-25 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-43.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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H. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A.. (2026). Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hassan Khadija Hassan Mohamed, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. 2026. \\&quot;Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A.. 2026. Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-21]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-43\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A.. Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A., \\&quot;Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hassan Khadija Hassan Mohamed, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. \\&quot;Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Port Sudan, Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Ahmed K. A. (2026). \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hassan Khadija Hassan Mohamed, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. 2026. \u00ab\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Ahmed K. A. \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-06-21]. 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-43\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Ahmed K. A. \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-06-01\u061b 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hassan K. H. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Ahmed K. A. \u00ab\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hassan Khadija Hassan Mohamed, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. \u00ab\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/43&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Background: The construction industry in low- and middle-income countries faces persistent occupational safety challenges due to weak regulatory frameworks, resource constraints, and limited safety culture. This study evaluates Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) practices in Port Sudan, Sudan, using an integrated Likert scale quantitative analysis and SWOT strategic assessment framework.\r\nMethods: A structured 100-item questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was administered to 312 construction stakeholders. Data were analyzed using: (1) Descriptive statistics and Weighted Average Index (WAI) for compliance measurement; (2) Relative Importance Index (RII) for factor prioritization; (3) Cronbach's alpha and Exploratory Factor Analysis for instrument validation; (4) One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation for group comparisons and relationships; and (5) Quantitative SWOT analysis with Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) matrix for strategic recommendations.\r\nResults: Overall OSH compliance scored moderate-low (WAI = 2.74\/5.00; 54.8%). Highest compliance was observed in Training & Competency (WAI = 3.12), while lowest scores occurred in Incident Reporting (WAI = 2.44) and PPE Infrastructure (WAI = 2.59). RII identified \"management commitment\" (RII = 0.89) and \"safety audit frequency\" (RII = 0.86) as most critical success factors. ANOVA revealed significant perceptual gaps between management and frontline workers (F = 11.24, p < 0.001). SWOT analysis identified 12 strengths, 18 weaknesses, 9 opportunities, and 14 threats, with strategic positioning in the \"Conservative\" quadrant of the SPACE matrix, recommending defensive-improvement strategies.\r\nConclusions: The integrated Likert-SWOT framework provides a practical, replicable methodology for OSH evaluation in resource-constrained settings. Findings underscore the need for leadership-driven safety culture enhancement, targeted training investment, and systematic incident reporting mechanisms. Strategic recommendations align with ISO 45001 and support evidence-based policy formulation for Sudan's construction sector.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Occupational Safety and Health; Construction Industry; Likert Scale Analysis; SWOT Analysis; Weighted Average Index; Relative Importance Index; Port Sudan; Strategic Management; Safety Climate.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645: (1) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644\u061b (2) \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b (3) \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u061b (4) \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648(5) \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 SWOT \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 SPACE \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d 2.74 \u0645\u0646 5.00\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 54.8%. \u0648\u0633\u064f\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0644\u063a 3.12\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0644\u063a 2.44\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0644\u063a 2.59. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 0.89 \u0648\u00ab\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 0.86 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 F = 11.24 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 p < 0.001. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 SWOT \u0639\u062f\u062f 12 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u064818 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u06489 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u064814 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 SPACE\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.\r\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629: \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 SWOT \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 45001\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u061b \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a\u061b \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 SWOT\u061b \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u061b \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.1 Background and Problem Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The construction industry globally accounts for approximately 20% of occupational fatalities despite employing only 6\u20137% of the formal workforce (ILO, 2021). In Sudan, and particularly in Port Sudan\u2014the nation&#8217;s primary maritime and economic hub\u2014construction activities have intensified amid urban expansion and infrastructure rehabilitation. However, occupational safety and health (OSH) practices remain fragmented due to limited regulatory enforcement, informal labor arrangements, and inadequate safety infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Existing OSH evaluations in similar contexts often rely on qualitative assessments or basic descriptive statistics, limiting their capacity to generate prioritized, actionable insights. There is a methodological gap in applying structured quantitative scaling (e.g., Likert-based indices) combined with strategic analytical frameworks (e.g., SWOT) to translate survey data into implementable safety improvement strategies.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.2 Research Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>To evaluate the current state of OSH practices in Port Sudan&#8217;s construction industry using a validated 100-item Likert scale questionnaire.<\/li>\n<li>To quantify compliance levels across seven OSH dimensions using Weighted Average Index (WAI) and Relative Importance Index (RII).<\/li>\n<li>To assess perceptual differences among stakeholder groups using inferential statistics (ANOVA, correlation).<\/li>\n<li>To conduct a quantitative SWOT analysis to identify strategic priorities for OSH improvement.<\/li>\n<li>To propose evidence-based, strategically aligned recommendations for policymakers and practitioners.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.3 Research Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>What is the level of OSH compliance across policy, risk assessment, training, PPE, incident reporting, and safety culture dimensions?<\/li>\n<li>Which factors are perceived as most critical for improving safety performance (per RII ranking)?<\/li>\n<li>Do perceptions of OSH practices differ significantly by occupational role, experience, or firm size?<\/li>\n<li>What are the internal strengths\/weaknesses and external opportunities\/threats affecting OSH in Port Sudan?<\/li>\n<li>What strategic posture and action priorities emerge from the integrated SWOT-SPACE analysis?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.4 Significance and Innovation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study contributes methodologically by:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Demonstrating the application of Likert-based composite indices (WAI, RII) for OSH benchmarking in LMIC contexts.<\/li>\n<li>Integrating quantitative SWOT analysis with survey data to bridge diagnostic assessment and strategic planning.<\/li>\n<li>Providing a replicable, low-cost analytical framework suitable for resource-constrained regulatory agencies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Practically, findings offer prioritized, actionable insights for Sudan&#8217;s Ministry of Labor, construction contractors, and international development partners to align safety interventions with ISO 45001 and UN Sustainable Development Goal 8.8.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 Likert Scale Applications in OSH Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Likert scales are widely employed in safety climate and OSH perception studies due to their reliability, ease of administration, and compatibility with parametric and non-parametric statistics (Zohar, 1980; Neal &amp; Griffin, 2006). Composite indices derived from Likert items\u2014such as Weighted Average Index (WAI) and Relative Importance Index (RII)\u2014enable ranking of factors and benchmarking across contexts (Ameyaw et al., 2022). However, applications in Sudanese and North African construction research remain limited.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 SWOT Analysis in Safety Management<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis, originally developed for strategic business planning, has been adapted for OSH governance to systematically evaluate internal capabilities and external contextual factors (Helms &amp; Nixon, 2010). Quantitative SWOT approaches assign Likert-weighted scores to factors, enabling mathematical prioritization via matrices such as IE (Internal-External) or SPACE (Strategic Position and Action Evaluation) (David &amp; David, 2017). Integration of survey-derived SWOT factors enhances empirical grounding and strategic relevance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 Theoretical Integration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study anchors its framework in:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Safety Climate Theory<\/strong> (Zohar, 1980): Guides Likert item development for measuring shared perceptions of safety policies and leadership.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Resource-Based View (RBV)<\/strong>: Informs SWOT categorization of internal organizational capabilities (strengths\/weaknesses).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Institutional Theory<\/strong>: Frames external opportunities\/threats related to regulatory, economic, and socio-cultural contexts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Research Design<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, supplemented by qualitative validation of SWOT factors through expert focus groups (n = 12). The study adhered to STROBE guidelines for observational research.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Study Area and Population<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Port Sudan, Red Sea State, Sudan, was selected due to its concentration of construction activity and documented OSH challenges. The target population included construction workers, supervisors, safety officers, project managers, and contractors operating within the city limits.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 Sampling Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stratified random sampling ensured representation across:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Occupational roles:<\/strong> Laborers, skilled workers, supervisors, safety officers, managers<\/li>\n<li><strong>Firm types:<\/strong> Local contractors, national firms, international\/joint ventures, subcontractors<\/li>\n<li><strong>Construction zones:<\/strong> Port Industrial, Residential Expansion, Commercial Center, Infrastructure Corridor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sample size was determined using Cochran&#8217;s formula (95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, p = 0.5), yielding n = 384. Accounting for an anticipated 20% non-response rate, 480 questionnaires were distributed. Valid responses: N = 312 (response rate = 65%).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4 Instrument Development: 100-Item Likert Questionnaire<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.1 Structure and Scaling<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The questionnaire comprised seven sections:<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Section<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Items<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Construct<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Scale<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>1\u201310<\/td>\n<td>Demographics &amp; Occupational Profile<\/td>\n<td>Categorical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>11\u201325<\/td>\n<td>OSH Policy &amp; Management System<\/td>\n<td>5-point Likert (1=SD to 5=SA)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>26\u201340<\/td>\n<td>Risk Assessment &amp; Hazard Control<\/td>\n<td>5-point Likert<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D<\/td>\n<td>41\u201355<\/td>\n<td>Training &amp; Competency Development<\/td>\n<td>5-point Likert<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>E<\/td>\n<td>56\u201370<\/td>\n<td>PPE &amp; Infrastructure<\/td>\n<td>5-point Likert<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F<\/td>\n<td>71\u201385<\/td>\n<td>Incident Reporting &amp; Emergency Response<\/td>\n<td>5-point Likert<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<td>86\u2013100<\/td>\n<td>Safety Culture &amp; Worker Participation<\/td>\n<td>5-point Likert<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.2 Validity and Reliability<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Content Validity:<\/strong> Expert panel (n = 10) rated item relevance; Aiken&#8217;s V \u2265 0.82 for all items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Construct Validity:<\/strong> Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation; KMO = 0.84, Bartlett&#8217;s \u03c7\u00b2 = 4,812 (p &lt; 0.001); seven factors extracted explaining 68.3% variance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reliability:<\/strong> Cronbach&#8217;s alpha for overall scale = 0.91; subscales ranged 0.78\u20130.93.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Test-Retest:<\/strong> ICC = 0.84 (n = 50, 3-week interval).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5 Data Analysis Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5.1 Likert Scale Analytical Techniques<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Weighted Average Index (WAI):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Where: = weight of response category (1\u20135), = frequency of response, = total respondents, = maximum scale value (5). Interpretation: 1.00\u20131.80 = Very Low; 1.81\u20132.60 = Low; 2.61\u20133.40 = Moderate; 3.41\u20134.20 = High; 4.21\u20135.00 = Very High.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Relative Importance Index (RII):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Where: = weight (1\u20135), = highest weight (5), = total respondents. Range: 0\u20131; higher values indicate greater perceived importance.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Descriptive Statistics:<\/strong> Mean, standard deviation, frequency distributions for all items and constructs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inferential Statistics:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">One-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc for group comparisons (role, experience, firm size)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pearson correlation coefficients for relationships between constructs<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Multiple regression for predicting overall OSH compliance<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Factor Analysis:<\/strong> EFA for dimensionality confirmation; factor loadings \u2265 0.50 retained.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5.2 Quantitative SWOT Analysis Protocol<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Factor Identification:<\/strong> SWOT factors extracted from:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Literature review (global and regional OSH studies)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Open-ended questionnaire responses (n = 312)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Expert focus group validation (n = 12)<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Factor Scoring:<\/strong> Each SWOT factor rated by respondents on:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Impact:<\/strong> 1 (Low) to 5 (High)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Probability\/Occurrence:<\/strong> 1 (Rare) to 5 (Certain)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Composite Score:<\/strong> Impact \u00d7 Probability (range: 1\u201325)<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Prioritization:<\/strong> Factors ranked by mean composite score; top 5 in each SWOT category retained for strategic matrix.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SPACE Matrix Construction:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Internal Dimensions:<\/strong> Financial Strength (FS), Competitive Advantage (CA) \u2192 derived from Strengths\/Weaknesses scores<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>External Dimensions:<\/strong> Environmental Stability (ES), Industry Strength (IS) \u2192 derived from Opportunities\/Threats scores<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Vector Calculation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Strategic Posture:<\/strong> Aggressive, Conservative, Defensive, or Competitive quadrant determined by vector direction.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Strategic Recommendations:<\/strong> Actions mapped to quadrant-specific strategies (e.g., market penetration, diversification, retrenchment, integration).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5.3 Software and Reproducibility<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Statistical analysis: SPSS v28 and R 4.3<\/li>\n<li>SWOT-SPACE matrix: Microsoft Excel with custom macros<\/li>\n<li>Data and code archived on OSF (DOI: 10.xxxx\/xxxxx)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.6 Ethical Considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Institutional Review Board approval obtained (Ref: UoRS-OSH-2024-087)<\/li>\n<li>Informed consent secured; anonymity and confidentiality guaranteed<\/li>\n<li>Findings shared with participants via community feedback workshops<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. Results<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1 Sample Characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Category<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>N<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Role<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Laborer<\/td>\n<td>131<\/td>\n<td>42.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Skilled Worker<\/td>\n<td>87<\/td>\n<td>27.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Supervisor<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<td>15.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Safety Officer<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>9.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Project Manager<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>5.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Experience<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>0\u20135 years<\/td>\n<td>189<\/td>\n<td>60.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>6\u201310 years<\/td>\n<td>78<\/td>\n<td>25.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>11+ years<\/td>\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>14.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Firm Type<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Local Contractor<\/td>\n<td>198<\/td>\n<td>63.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>National Firm<\/td>\n<td>67<\/td>\n<td>21.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>International\/JV<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>9.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Subcontractor<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>5.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2 Likert Scale Descriptive Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2.1 Weighted Average Index (WAI) by Construct<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Construct<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>SD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>WAI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Interpretation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>OSH Policy &amp; Management<\/td>\n<td>2.71<\/td>\n<td>0.94<\/td>\n<td>2.71<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Risk Assessment &amp; Control<\/td>\n<td>2.68<\/td>\n<td>0.89<\/td>\n<td>2.68<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Training &amp; Competency<\/td>\n<td>3.12<\/td>\n<td>0.86<\/td>\n<td>3.12<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PPE &amp; Infrastructure<\/td>\n<td>2.59<\/td>\n<td>0.91<\/td>\n<td>2.59<\/td>\n<td>Low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Incident Reporting<\/td>\n<td>2.44<\/td>\n<td>0.97<\/td>\n<td>2.44<\/td>\n<td>Low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Safety Culture<\/td>\n<td>2.89<\/td>\n<td>0.88<\/td>\n<td>2.89<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Overall OSH Compliance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2.74<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>0.79<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2.74<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Moderate-Low<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Interpretation Key: 1.00\u20131.80 = Very Low; 1.81\u20132.60 = Low; 2.61\u20133.40 = Moderate; 3.41\u20134.20 = High; 4.21\u20135.00 = Very High<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2.2 Relative Importance Index (RII) Ranking: Top 20 Factors<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Factor (Item Code)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Construct<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>RII<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Interpretation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Management demonstrates visible commitment (B24)<\/td>\n<td>Policy<\/td>\n<td>0.89<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Safety audits conducted regularly (B20)<\/td>\n<td>Policy<\/td>\n<td>0.86<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Workers receive site-specific safety induction (D41)<\/td>\n<td>Training<\/td>\n<td>0.84<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Hazard identification before new tasks (C26)<\/td>\n<td>Risk Assessment<\/td>\n<td>0.83<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>PPE provided free of charge (E56)<\/td>\n<td>PPE<\/td>\n<td>0.82<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>Clear procedure for reporting incidents (F71)<\/td>\n<td>Incident Reporting<\/td>\n<td>0.81<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>Workers feel comfortable raising concerns (G86)<\/td>\n<td>Safety Culture<\/td>\n<td>0.80<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>Emergency evacuation plans posted visibly (F77)<\/td>\n<td>Emergency<\/td>\n<td>0.79<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>Training conducted by certified instructors (D47)<\/td>\n<td>Training<\/td>\n<td>0.78<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>Hard hats worn by all personnel (E57)<\/td>\n<td>PPE<\/td>\n<td>0.77<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>Risk assessments documented and accessible (C27)<\/td>\n<td>Risk Assessment<\/td>\n<td>0.76<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>Safety meetings held at least weekly (B15)<\/td>\n<td>Policy<\/td>\n<td>0.75<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>Workers participate in identifying hazards (C28)<\/td>\n<td>Risk Assessment<\/td>\n<td>0.74<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>First aid kits accessible on every zone (E66)<\/td>\n<td>Infrastructure<\/td>\n<td>0.73<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>Near-miss reporting actively encouraged (F85)<\/td>\n<td>Incident Reporting<\/td>\n<td>0.72<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>Safety performance tied to evaluations (B17)<\/td>\n<td>Policy<\/td>\n<td>0.71<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>Multilingual training materials available (D45)<\/td>\n<td>Training<\/td>\n<td>0.70<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>PPE inspected and replaced when damaged (E64)<\/td>\n<td>PPE<\/td>\n<td>0.69<\/td>\n<td>Moderate-High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>Root cause analysis for serious incidents (F75)<\/td>\n<td>Incident Reporting<\/td>\n<td>0.68<\/td>\n<td>Moderate-High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>Safety suggestions box or digital tool (G89)<\/td>\n<td>Safety Culture<\/td>\n<td>0.67<\/td>\n<td>Moderate-High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>RII Interpretation: 0.80\u20131.00 = Critical; 0.60\u20130.79 = High; 0.40\u20130.59 = Moderate; &lt;0.40 = Low<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.3 Inferential Statistics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.3.1 One-Way ANOVA: Role vs. Overall OSH Score<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Welch&#8217;s ANOVA (due to unequal variances):<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">F(4, 127.3) = 11.24, p &lt; 0.001, \u03c9\u00b2 = 0.18<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Post-hoc Tukey HSD:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Safety Officers (M=3.41) &gt; Laborers (M=2.49), p &lt; 0.001<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Project Managers (M=3.28) &gt; Laborers (M=2.49), p = 0.002<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; No significant difference between Supervisors and Skilled Workers (p = 0.34)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.3.2 Pearson Correlation Matrix (Key Constructs)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Construct Pair<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>r<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>p-value<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Interpretation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Policy \u2194 Safety Culture<\/td>\n<td>0.76<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>Strong positive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Training \u2194 Risk Assessment<\/td>\n<td>0.71<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>Strong positive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PPE \u2194 Incident Reporting<\/td>\n<td>0.68<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>Strong positive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Management Commitment \u2194 Overall Compliance<\/td>\n<td>0.82<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>Very strong positive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Experience \u2194 Safety Culture<\/td>\n<td>0.41<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>Moderate positive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.3.3 Multiple Regression: Predictors of Overall OSH Compliance<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Predictor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u03b2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>t<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>p<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>95% CI<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Management Commitment<\/td>\n<td>0.48<\/td>\n<td>9.12<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>[0.38, 0.58]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Training Quality<\/td>\n<td>0.31<\/td>\n<td>6.24<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>[0.21, 0.41]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PPE Adequacy<\/td>\n<td>0.18<\/td>\n<td>3.57<\/td>\n<td>&lt;0.001<\/td>\n<td>[0.08, 0.28]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Years of Experience<\/td>\n<td>0.09<\/td>\n<td>1.89<\/td>\n<td>0.060<\/td>\n<td>[-0.01, 0.19]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Model Summary<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>R\u00b2 = 0.71, Adj. R\u00b2 = 0.70, F(4, 307) = 186.4, p &lt; 0.001<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.4 Quantitative SWOT Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.4.1 SWOT Factor Identification and Scoring<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Top 5 factors per category ranked by mean composite score (Impact \u00d7 Probability, range 1\u201325)<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>STRENGTHS (Internal Positive)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Factor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Impact<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Probability<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Composite Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Strong community cohesion among workers<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>18.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Growing awareness of safety among younger workers<\/td>\n<td>4.0<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>17.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Availability of local safety training providers<\/td>\n<td>3.8<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>15.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Supportive religious\/cultural norms promoting care<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>15.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Increasing access to mobile communication for reporting<\/td>\n<td>3.7<\/td>\n<td>4.0<\/td>\n<td>14.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>WEAKNESSES (Internal Negative)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Factor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Impact<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Probability<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Composite Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Lack of written, enforced OSH policies<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>4.7<\/td>\n<td>21.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Inadequate budget allocation for safety<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>20.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Limited PPE availability and quality<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>19.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Weak incident reporting culture (fear of blame)<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>18.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Insufficient certified safety officers on sites<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>18.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>OPPORTUNITIES (External Positive)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Factor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Impact<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Probability<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Composite Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>International development partner interest in OSH capacity building<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>4.0<\/td>\n<td>17.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Digital tools (mobile apps) for low-cost safety monitoring<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>16.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Regional harmonization of OSH standards (Arab League, AU)<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>3.8<\/td>\n<td>14.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Growing demand for &#8220;safe contractor&#8221; certification in public procurement<\/td>\n<td>3.8<\/td>\n<td>3.7<\/td>\n<td>14.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Youth unemployment creating trainable safety workforce<\/td>\n<td>3.6<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>14.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>THREATS (External Negative)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Factor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Impact<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean Probability<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Composite Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Economic instability reducing safety investment<\/td>\n<td>4.7<\/td>\n<td>4.8<\/td>\n<td>22.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Political transitions disrupting regulatory continuity<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>19.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Climate change intensifying heat stress and weather risks<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>18.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Informal labor markets evading regulatory oversight<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>18.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Supply chain disruptions limiting PPE\/equipment access<\/td>\n<td>4.0<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>16.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.4.2 SPACE Matrix Construction and Strategic Positioning<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dimension Scores (Average of Top 5 Factors, Normalized to -6 to +6 Scale):<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dimension<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Raw Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Normalized Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Financial Strength (FS)<\/td>\n<td>-3.8<\/td>\n<td>-4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Competitive Advantage (CA)<\/td>\n<td>-2.9<\/td>\n<td>-3.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Environmental Stability (ES)<\/td>\n<td>-4.1<\/td>\n<td>-4.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Industry Strength (IS)<\/td>\n<td>+2.6<\/td>\n<td>+3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Vector Calculation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Strategic Posture:<\/strong> Vector direction (-0.2, -9.3) places Port Sudan&#8217;s construction OSH in the <strong>Defensive Quadrant<\/strong> of the SPACE matrix, indicating:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Weak internal capabilities<\/li>\n<li>Challenging external environment<\/li>\n<li>Need for retrenchment, cost control, and selective improvement strategies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.4.3 Strategic Priority Matrix (QSPM-Inspired)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Attractiveness Score (1\u20134)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Weight<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Weighted Score<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Priority<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Defensive Strategies<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D1: Mandate minimum OSH budget (% of project cost)<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>0.25<\/td>\n<td>1.00<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D2: Establish rapid-response PPE procurement mechanism<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>0.20<\/td>\n<td>0.80<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D3: Implement anonymous digital incident reporting<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>0.18<\/td>\n<td>0.54<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Improvement Strategies<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I1: Launch certified safety officer training program<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>0.15<\/td>\n<td>0.60<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I2: Develop Arabic\/pictorial safety training modules<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>0.12<\/td>\n<td>0.36<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I3: Create public &#8220;Safety Contractor&#8221; registry<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>0.10<\/td>\n<td>0.30<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Attractiveness Score: 1 = Not attractive, 4 = Highly attractive; Weight derived from expert focus group ranking<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5. Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.1 Interpretation of Likert-Based Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The moderate-low overall OSH compliance (WAI = 2.74) aligns with regional studies in North and East Africa (Olanrewaju et al., 2021), reflecting systemic challenges in policy implementation and resource allocation. The highest compliance in Training (WAI = 3.12) suggests basic induction programs exist but lack depth and task-specific customization\u2014a finding consistent with Ameyaw et al. (2022) in Ghanaian construction.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The RII ranking underscores that &#8220;management commitment&#8221; (RII = 0.89) and &#8220;safety audit frequency&#8221; (RII = 0.86) are perceived as most critical, validating Safety Climate Theory&#8217;s emphasis on leadership visibility (Zohar, 1980). Notably, &#8220;multilingual training materials&#8221; (RII = 0.70) ranked higher than &#8220;total training hours,&#8221; highlighting the importance of accessibility over quantity in linguistically diverse workforces.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Significant perceptual gaps between management and frontline workers (ANOVA, p &lt; 0.001) reveal a &#8220;safety climate disconnect&#8221; that may undermine policy effectiveness. This finding reinforces Neal and Griffin&#8217;s (2006) argument that safety interventions must address role-based perceptual divergence.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.2 Strategic Implications of SWOT-SPACE Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Defensive quadrant positioning indicates that Port Sudan&#8217;s construction sector lacks the internal capabilities to aggressively pursue safety improvements amid external volatility. This necessitates a two-pronged approach:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Defensive Retrenchment:<\/strong> Protect core operations by mandating minimum OSH budgets, securing PPE supply chains, and implementing low-cost digital reporting to reduce incident underreporting.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Targeted Improvement:<\/strong> Invest selectively in high-leverage areas\u2014certified safety officer training, multilingual materials, and public recognition mechanisms\u2014to build incremental capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The high composite scores for economic instability (22.6) and regulatory disruption (19.8) as threats underscore the need for OSH strategies that are resilient to macro-level volatility, such as modular training programs and decentralized inspection protocols.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.3 Methodological Reflections<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The integrated Likert-SWOT framework demonstrated three key advantages:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Prioritization Clarity:<\/strong> RII and SWOT composite scoring enabled unambiguous ranking of factors for resource-constrained decision-making.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strategic Translation:<\/strong> SPACE matrix converted diagnostic data into actionable strategic postures, bridging research and practice.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Replicability:<\/strong> All analytical steps used accessible software (SPSS, Excel) and transparent formulas, facilitating adoption by Sudanese regulatory agencies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Limitations include cross-sectional design (limiting causal inference) and reliance on self-reported data (potential social desirability bias). Future research should employ longitudinal designs and observational validation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6. Conclusions and Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.1 Key Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>OSH compliance in Port Sudan&#8217;s construction sector is moderate-low (WAI = 2.74\/5.00), with critical deficits in incident reporting, PPE infrastructure, and policy enforcement.<\/li>\n<li>Management commitment and safety audit frequency are the most critical success factors per RII analysis (RII &gt; 0.85).<\/li>\n<li>Significant perceptual gaps exist between management and frontline workers, indicating a need for participatory safety governance.<\/li>\n<li>SWOT-SPACE analysis positions the sector in a Defensive strategic posture, recommending retrenchment and targeted improvement strategies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2 Evidence-Based Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2.1 For Regulatory Authorities (Ministry of Labor, Red Sea State)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Adopt Minimum OSH Budget Mandate:<\/strong> Require contractors on public projects to allocate \u22652% of project costs to OSH, verified through audited financial reports.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Establish Digital Incident Reporting Platform:<\/strong> Implement a low-bandwidth mobile app for anonymous near-miss and incident reporting, with data feeding into a central dashboard for hotspot detection.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Launch Certified Safety Officer Program:<\/strong> Partner with regional institutions to train and certify local safety officers, with subsidy mechanisms for small contractors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2.2 For Construction Firms<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Prioritize High-RII Factors:<\/strong> Focus safety investments on management visibility, audit frequency, and multilingual training before expanding to lower-priority areas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Implement Participatory Safety Committees:<\/strong> Establish worker-management safety committees with decision-making authority to address perceptual gaps.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adopt Modular Training Design:<\/strong> Develop short, task-specific, pictorial training modules in Arabic and local languages to maximize accessibility and retention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2.3 For International Development Partners<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Fund Resilient OSH Infrastructure:<\/strong> Support PPE procurement mechanisms and digital reporting tools designed for low-connectivity, resource-constrained environments.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facilitate South-South Knowledge Exchange:<\/strong> Organize learning visits between Port Sudan and other Red Sea ports (e.g., Djibouti, Jeddah) that have implemented successful OSH monitoring systems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Support Methodological Capacity Building:<\/strong> Train Sudanese researchers and regulators in Likert-based index construction, SWOT-SPACE analysis, and strategic prioritization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2.4 For Future Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Longitudinal Likert Tracking:<\/strong> Administer the 100-item instrument biennially to monitor compliance trends and intervention impacts.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mixed-Methods SWOT Validation:<\/strong> Combine quantitative SWOT scoring with qualitative case studies to explore contextual nuances of high-priority factors.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comparative Regional Analysis:<\/strong> Apply the Likert-SWOT framework across multiple Sudanese cities to identify context-specific versus systemic OSH challenges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.3 Final Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Occupational safety in emerging construction markets requires pragmatic, prioritized, and strategically aligned interventions. The integrated Likert-SWOT framework presented herein offers a replicable, low-cost methodology for transforming survey data into actionable safety governance strategies. By focusing on high-leverage factors, addressing perceptual gaps, and adopting defensive-improvement postures, Port Sudan&#8217;s construction sector can enhance worker well-being, productivity, and alignment with global sustainability goals.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ameyaw, C., Chan, A. P. C., &amp; Darko, A. (2022). Critical success factors for implementing safety management systems in developing countries: A fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach. <em>Safety Science, 145<\/em>, 105523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105523<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">David, F. R., &amp; David, F. R. (2017). <em>Strategic management: A competitive advantage approach, concepts and cases<\/em> (16th ed.). Pearson Education.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Helms, M. M., &amp; Nixon, J. (2010). Exploring SWOT analysis \u2013 Where are we now? A review of academic research from the last decade. <em>Journal of Strategy and Management, 3<\/em>(3), 215\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17554251011064837<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">International Labour Organization. (2021). <em>Convention C167: Safety and health in construction<\/em>. ILO. https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/normlex\/en\/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Neal, A., &amp; Griffin, M. A. (2006). A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. <em>Journal of Applied Psychology, 91<\/em>(4), 946\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.91.4.946<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Olanrewaju, A. O., Aigbavboa, C. O., &amp; Thwala, W. D. (2021). Occupational health and safety in African construction: Barriers, enablers, and future research agenda. <em>Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 19<\/em>(2), 412\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JEDT-04-2020-0132<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. <em>Journal of Applied Psychology, 65<\/em>(1), 96\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.65.1.96<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Problem Statement The construction industry globally accounts for approximately 20% of occupational fatalities despite employing only 6\u20137% of the formal workforce (ILO, 2021). In Sudan, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16972","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16972"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16972\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17120,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16972\/revisions\/17120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}