{"id":16960,"date":"2026-06-01T02:23:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-31\/"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:23:53","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:53","slug":"7-6-31","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-6-31\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 31"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645. \u062f. \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Zinab.t.hameedi@src.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Lect. Dr. Zainab Thamer Humaidi<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Psychological Research Center, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> Zinab.t.hameedi@src.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/31' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/31<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/31' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/31<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (6). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 504 - 522<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-31.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Dr. Zainab Thamer Humaidi&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645. \u062f. \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2026&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-31\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2026-06-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Humaidi Z. T.. (2026). Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Zainab Thamer Humaidi. 2026. \\&quot;Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Humaidi Z. T.. 2026. Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-01]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-31\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Humaidi Z. T.. Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Humaidi Z. T., \\&quot;Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Zainab Thamer Humaidi. \\&quot;Legal Security and the Recognition of Foreign Judgments in International Electronic Commerce Disputes under the Multiplicity of Legal Systems.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/31&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0632. \u062b. 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\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the issue of legal security and the recognition of foreign judgments in international electronic commerce disputes under conditions of legal plurality, within the context of rapid digital transformations that have reshaped cross-border commercial transactions. While international e-commerce has transcended traditional geographical constraints, it has simultaneously generated complex legal challenges related to jurisdictional conflicts, the multiplicity of applicable laws, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, thereby threatening the stability of legal positions for parties engaged in electronic transactions. The study proceeds from the premise that the effective recognition of foreign judgments constitutes a fundamental pillar for achieving legal security in the international digital environment. To this end, the research adopts a multi-method approach, employing the analytical method to examine relevant legal texts, the comparative method to analyze the positions of different legal systems, and the descriptive method to identify the practical challenges associated with international electronic commerce disputes. The findings indicate that the multiplicity of legal systems and the divergence of substantive and procedural rules\u2014particularly with respect to international jurisdiction and public policy\u2014represent major obstacles to the recognition of foreign judgments, undermining predictability and legal stability. The study further demonstrates that electronic arbitration offers an effective mechanism for overcoming certain jurisdictional and legal conflicts; however, its effectiveness remains contingent upon the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, as well as the adaptation of the New York Convention to the requirements of the digital environment. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to modernize legislative frameworks and strengthen international judicial cooperation in order to achieve an appropriate balance between national sovereignty and the requirements of legal security in international electronic commerce disputes.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Legal security, foreign judgments, international e-commerce, electronic arbitration, conflict of jurisdiction.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16960","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16960"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16960\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}