{"id":16806,"date":"2026-05-11T19:58:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T19:58:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-4-45\/"},"modified":"2026-05-11T20:07:12","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T20:07:12","slug":"7-4-45","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-4-45\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 45"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0630\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a\/ \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a. \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dhiab Mashhour Hamid\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Islamic University of Lebanon. Supervised by: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Farhat, faculty member at the Islamic University of Beirut, Lebanon.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/45' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/45<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/45' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/45<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (4). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 765 - 780<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-12 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-04-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue4\/7-4-45.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M.. (2026). The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamid Dhiab Mashhour. 2026. \\&quot;The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 4. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamid D. M.. 2026. The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-04-01. [Cited 2026-05-20]. 7(4). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-4-45\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamid D. M.. The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-04-01; 7(4). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamid D. M., \\&quot;The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamid Dhiab Mashhour. \\&quot;The Legal Status of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigation Evidence.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026-04-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0630. \u0645. (2026). \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0630\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631. 2026. \u00ab\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0630. \u0645. \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aims to examine the legal status of DNA fingerprinting in criminal investigation evidence by analyzing its role as a modern scientific method for detecting crimes, attributing them to perpetrators, or excluding innocent persons from suspicion. The study focuses on the position of Iraqi law regarding the evidentiary value of DNA fingerprinting and the legal controls governing its use. The importance of the research lies in the fact that DNA fingerprinting has become one of the most prominent technical forms of evidence in contemporary criminal justice, due to its high accuracy in identifying individuals through biological traces left at the crime scene. The study adopts the analytical method to examine the legal provisions related to criminal evidence, particularly those contained in the Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure, and to assess their adequacy in regulating the procedures for collecting, preserving, and analyzing genetic samples. The study concludes that DNA fingerprinting constitutes an important technical presumption subject to the discretion of the criminal judge, and that it should not be treated as absolute evidence unless the necessary scientific and procedural safeguards are fulfilled, foremost among them the integrity of the chain of custody, the competence of laboratories, and the expertise of analysts. The study also concludes that Iraqi legislation still requires special regulation defining the conditions for using DNA fingerprinting, the competent authorities responsible for conducting it, and the guarantees necessary to protect privacy and bodily integrity. The study recommends enacting independent national legislation to regulate DNA fingerprinting in the criminal field, developing forensic laboratories, and establishing a genetic database under strict legal safeguards that balance the requirements of criminal justice with the protection of individual rights and freedoms.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> DNA fingerprinting, criminal evidence, criminal investigation, scientific evidence, Iraqi law.<\/p><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b_ \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0648\u0631 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638. (1999). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Toumi, Adel Abdel Hafiz. (1999). <strong>Technical Evidence in Forensic Medicine<\/strong>. Security and Law Journal, Cairo, Issue (2).<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627. (2016). <strong>\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Abu Al-Wafa Mohammed Abu Al-Wafa. (2016). <strong>The Evidentiary Value of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Evidence<\/strong>. Cairo: Modern University Office.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641. (2001). <strong>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647<\/strong>. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mahdi, Abdel Raouf. (2001). <strong>The Limits of the Criminal Judge\u2019s Freedom in Forming His Conviction<\/strong>. No publisher.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a. (2003). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sorour, Ahmed Fathi. (2003). <strong>Al-Waseet in the Law of Criminal Procedure<\/strong>, Vol. 1. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a. (2012). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Amer, Mohammed Zaki. (2012). <strong>Evidence in Criminal Matters<\/strong>. Alexandria: University Publications House.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641. (1999). <strong>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Obeid, Raouf. (1999). <strong>Principles of Criminal Procedure in Egyptian Law<\/strong>\u060c 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar Al-Jeel.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2010). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salama, Mamoun Mohammed. (2010). <strong>Criminal Procedure in Egyptian Legislation<\/strong>, Vol. 2. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u062a\u0627. (2002). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Saad, Mohammed Sheta. (2002). <strong>Acquittal in Criminal Judgments and Its Effect on Dismissing the Civil Claim<\/strong>. Alexandria: Dar Al-Maaref.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a. (2012). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Fattah, Mohammed Lotfy. (2012). <strong>Criminal Law and the Uses of Biotechnology<\/strong>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr wal-Qanun.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2002). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salama, Mamoun Mohammed. (2002). <strong>Criminal Procedure in Egyptian Legislation<\/strong>. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0647. (2006). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tammam, Ahmed Hossam Taha. (2006). <strong>Criminal Liability for Genetic Engineering in the Human Race<\/strong>. Cairo: Egyptian General Book Authority.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u0645. (2005). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Enezi, Ibrahim Satam. (2005). <strong>DNA Fingerprinting<\/strong>. Riyadh: Naif Arab University for Security Sciences.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2005). <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mustafa, Mahmoud Mahmoud. (2005). <strong>Commentary on the Law of Criminal Procedure<\/strong>. Cairo: Cairo University Press.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a. (2020). <strong>\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sorour, Ahmed Fathi. (2020). <strong>Principles of Criminal Procedure Law<\/strong>. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. (2018). <strong>\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Gohary, Kamal Abdel Wahed. (2018). <strong>Controls on the Criminal Judge\u2019s Freedom in Forming Conviction and Fair Criminal Trial<\/strong>. Egypt: National Center for Legal Publications.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f. (2016). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Fiqi, Abdel Halim Fouad. (2016). <strong>The Moral Conviction of the Criminal Judge through Modern Means of Evidence<\/strong>\u060c 1st ed. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644. (2013). <strong>\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sami, Safaa Adel. (2013). <strong>The Evidentiary Value of DNA Fingerprinting in Criminal Evidence<\/strong>. Beirut: Zain Legal Publications.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646. (1992). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salama, Mamoun. (1992). <strong>Criminal Procedure in Egyptian Legislation<\/strong>. Egypt: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2009). <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shennawi, Mohammed Mahmoud. (2009). <strong>DNA Fingerprinting Technology in Crime Detection<\/strong>. Cairo: No publisher.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645. (2006). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmed, Ahmed Abu Al-Qasim. (2006). <strong>Physical Criminal Evidence and Its Role in Proving Hudud and Qisas Crimes<\/strong>. Saudi Arabia: Arab Center for Security Studies and Training.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628. (2020). <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hosni, Mahmoud Naguib. (2020). <strong>Commentary on the Law of Criminal Procedure<\/strong>. Egypt: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (2018). <strong>\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shammari, Awad Youssef. (2018). <strong>The Significance of DNA Fingerprinting and Its Role in Criminal Evidence<\/strong>. Egypt: Arab Studies Center.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a. (2012). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Fattah, Mohammed Lotfy. (2012). <strong>Criminal Law and the Use of Biotechnology<\/strong>. Egypt: Dar Al-Fikr wal-Qanun.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2013). <strong>\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong>. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Owein, Zainab Ahmed. (2013). <strong>The Evidentiary Value of DNA Fingerprinting as Evidence of Conviction<\/strong>. Amman: Dar Al-Thaqafa.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647. (2011). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmed, Hilali Abdel Ilah. (2011). <strong>The General Theory of Evidence in Criminal Matters<\/strong>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2021). <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hussein, Ahmed. (2021). <strong>The Role of Scientific Evidence in Limiting the Freedom of the Criminal Judge\u2019s Conviction<\/strong>. Egypt: Al-Wafaa Legal Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2005). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mihanna, Attiya Ali. (2005). <strong>Presumptions in Criminal Matters<\/strong>. PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Law, Cairo University, Cairo.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628. (2006). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jabara, Dhafer Habib. (2006). <strong>The Legal System of Genetic Engineering<\/strong>. PhD Dissertation, University of Baghdad, Iraq.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 13\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 49\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 16\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Hamdani, Mohammed Hussein. <strong>DNA Fingerprinting and Its Role in Criminal Evidence<\/strong>. Al-Rafidain Journal of Law, Vol. 13, Issue 49, Year 16, Iraq.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628. (2004). <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sammak, Habib. (2004). <strong>The System of Evidence in Islamic Sharia and Positive Law<\/strong>. Journal of Law, Kuwait University, Issue 2, Year 21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 23 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1971 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure No. 23 of 1971, as amended<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (645)\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 5\/3\/2001.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Decision of the Iraqi Court of Cassation No. (645), dated March 5, 2001.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (32)\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22\/5\/1998.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Decision of the Iraqi Court of Cassation No. (32), dated May 22, 1998.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f2\u060c 1999 \u0635 402. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 187. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 70. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 (\u0623) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (213) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a 1971. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 46. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635 494. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 114. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635 728. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup>\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 240-241. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 302. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 201. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 206. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 348. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>(<\/sup>) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 30. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640 D.N.A \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 23. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 485. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2004\u060c \u0635 108. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635343. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2018\u060c \u063574. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635161. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 <sup>(<\/sup>645<sup>)<\/sup> \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 5\/3\/2001\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635529. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>()\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 432\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 29\/\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\/2010\u060c \u06358. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2016\u060c \u06355. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635165. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (32) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22\/5\/1998\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635353. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635503. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009\u060c \u063575. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635458. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635257. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635487. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635133. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>()\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 225. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635 34. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 13\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 49\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 16\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635 363. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635 1103. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16806-footnote-36\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 391. <a href=\"#post-16806-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16806","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16806","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16806"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16806\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16811,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16806\/revisions\/16811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16806"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}