{"id":16614,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-40\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:28:53","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:28:53","slug":"7-5-40","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-5-40\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 40"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Rawaa Sabah Kanawi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> University of Kufa, College of Education for Women, Department of History, Iraq.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/40' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/40<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/40' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/40<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 734 - 756<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-40.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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S.. (2026). The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Kanawi Rawaa Sabah. 2026. \\&quot;The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Kanawi R. S.. 2026. The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-40\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Kanawi R. S.. The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Kanawi R. S., \\&quot;The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Kanawi Rawaa Sabah. \\&quot;The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631. \u0635. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631. \u0635. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 5\u060c 2026-05-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This research aims to examine the Black Caucus in the United States Congress and analyze the development of its political role during the presidency of Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974), by clarifying its role in strengthening the representation of African Americans within the American legislative institution. The research problem stems from the limited Arabic studies that have addressed the influence of minority-based parliamentary blocs on political decision-making in the United States, as well as the need to explain how African Americans moved from the margins of political protest to the center of institutional influence within Congress. The significance of this study lies in highlighting a pioneering political experience that contributed to reshaping the concept of minority representation within modern democratic systems, while revealing the nature of the relationship between the Black Caucus and the Nixon administration amid disputes related to civil rights, racial discrimination, economic justice, the Vietnam War, and U.S. foreign policy toward Africa. The study adopts the historical-analytical method through the use of official documents, congressional records, and specialized academic studies. It concludes that the Black Caucus succeeded in consolidating its political presence, expanding its influence within congressional committees, and transforming the social demands of African Americans into an influential legislative agenda despite the partisan and institutional obstacles it faced, making it an important model in the development of minority political participation in the United States.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Black Caucus, United States Congress, Richard Nixon, Political Minorities, Civil Rights.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u064f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c 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\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631(1870\u0645-1877\u0645). \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0644\u0625\u0650\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064e\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0650\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a <em>Franklin Delano Roosevelt <\/em>1933\u0645-1945\u0645) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064e\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064e\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1971\u0645).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062c. \u0647\u0640. \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">J. H. Smith, The Congressional Black Caucus, A Study OF Black Representatives Legislative Behaviour In The United States Congress. \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 1970\u0645-1980\u0645&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bradley William rivers, The congressional Black Caucus American Policy toward southern Africa 1970-1980.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0650\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1863\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 American Civil War))(\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (1861\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a 11 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u064a ((Robert Edward Lee \u0641\u064a 9 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (1865\u0645)) (Hourly History, 2019; Rees, 2012, pp. 1\u20135) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 (Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367; Schulman, 2009, p. 126). \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631. \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634. Lynch) John. R) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (1870\u0645-1877\u0645) The\u00a0Reconstruction era)\u00a0) (\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1865\u0645 -1877\u0645).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636) (Rothman et al., 2009, p. 133; Sebree, 2019, pp. 16\u201317; Stroud &amp; Schomp, 2007, pp. 6\u20139)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a (Smith, n.d., pp. 6\u20137).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 (Smith, n.d., p. 31).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f (<em>John W. Maynard <\/em>) \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1868\u0645) \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (5107) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 (2833) \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0647 (\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629) (Davis et al., 2022, pp. 3\u20134) \u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1869\u0645-1871\u0645) (\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1789\u0645)- 3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1791\u0645) \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632 (John Adams) \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0628\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631( (Pro Tempur\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062f\u0648\u0646 John Langdon\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0623. \u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0633( (Samuel Allyne Otis\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623. \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u062c (Frederick A. Muhlenberg) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a (John Beckley) (Biographical Congressional Directory, 1913, pp. 30\u201332) \u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1871\u0645-1873\u0645) \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1873\u0645-1875\u0645) \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1881\u0645-1883\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 ((Rivers, 2005, p.126.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1901\u0645) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a (<em>George H. White) <\/em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 (\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1876\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064f\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628. \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0632 (Rutherford B. Hayes)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0646 (Samuel Tilden). \u0641\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646( Ku Klux Klan)) ((Jaynes, 2005, Vol. 1, p. 216; Rivers, 2005, p. 126.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 (4%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) (Smith, n.d., pp. 34\u201335). \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631. \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 (<em>John Mercer Langston)<\/em> \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1892\u0645): &#8220;\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646&#8221;. (Smith, n.d., pp. 30\u201332) \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0632 (<em>Robert Smalls<\/em>) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1912\u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 :&#8221;\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1862\u0645) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e&#8221; (as cited in Smith, n.d) .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 (\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631)<\/strong> <strong>(Smith, n.d., pp. 4\u20135)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0631. \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0644\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Hiram. R. Revels<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 (1870\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1871\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u062a\u0634 . \u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Joseph H.Rainey<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1870\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1879\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>41-45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628. \u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em> Jefferson F. Long<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1871\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1871\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u064a . \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Robert. C.De Large<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1871\u0645)-24 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1873\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Robert Brown Elliott<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1871\u0645)-\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1873\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1873\u0645)-1 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1874\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>42-43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633 . \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Benjamin Sterling Turner<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1871\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1873\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Josiah T. Walls<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1871\u0645)-29 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1873\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1873\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1875\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>6 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1875\u0645)-19 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (1876\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44\u060c43\u060c42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062a\u0634. \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Richard H.Cain<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1873\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1875\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>15 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1877\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1879\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>45\u060c43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631. \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>. <em>Lynch<\/em> <em>John. R<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1873\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1877\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>29 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (1882\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1883\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>43-44<\/p>\n<p>47<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648 \u062c. \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Alonzo J. Ransier<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1873\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1875\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062a. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>James. T. rapier<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1873\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1875\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0643. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Blanche.k. Bruce<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1875\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1881\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44-46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Jeremiah Haralson<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1875\u0645)-3 \u0627\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1877\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623.\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>John Adams Hyman<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1875\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1877\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0625\u064a. \u0646\u0627\u0634<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Charles.E. Nash<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1875\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1877\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Robert Smalls<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1875\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1879\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>19 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1882\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1883\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>31 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1884\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1887\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44-45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u064a. \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>James<em>\u00a0G. O&#8217;Hara<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1883\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1887\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>48-49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Henry Plummer Cheathan<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1889\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1893\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>51-52<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>John Mercer Langston<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>23 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 (1890\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1891\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>51<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u064a. \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Thomas E. Miller<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 (1890\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1891\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>51<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>George W. Murray<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>7 \u0622\u0628 (1893\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1895\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>4 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 (1896\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1897\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>53<\/p>\n<p>54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0625\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>George H. White<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1897\u0645)-3 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1901\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55-56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a (1901\u0645) \u064815 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (1929\u0645) \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0633\u062a( <em>Oscar De Priest) <\/em>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1929\u0645) \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1929\u0645 -1931\u0645 ((Rivers, 2005, p. 126).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 (Smith, n.d., p. 35).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a(Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933\u0645-1945\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a: \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a (Eleanor Roosevelt) \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0633( (Harold LeClair Ickes\u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f&#8221; \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1941\u0645)\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645) (Resnick, 2020, p. 318)\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1935\u0645)\u060c \u0647\u064f\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644( Arthur W. Mitchell)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a (Smith, n.d., pp. 36\u201337; Rivers, 2005, p. 126).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1945\u0645) \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627 ((Smith, n.d., pp. 83\u201390.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 ((Smith, n.d., p. 38\u060c \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646((<em>William Dawson <\/em>(\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8211; \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a)(1943\u0645). \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644 (\u00a0<em>Adam Clayton Powell Jr<\/em>.) (\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8211; \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643)(1945\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 (<em>Charles Diggs, Jr.<\/em>) (\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8211; \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1954\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646: \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633 (<em>Robert Nix) <\/em>(\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8211; \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1957\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632( <em>Augustus Hawkins) <\/em>(\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1962\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632 <em>John Conyers<\/em>)) (\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8211; \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1964\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2 (Smith, n.d., p. 97).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 :\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645(Smith, n.d., p. 97)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a 5 \u0622\u064a\u0627\u0631 (1965\u0645) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 (HJ Res. 447) \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 700 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064e\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646<em>Lyndon B. Johnson<\/em>) 1963\u0645-1968\u0645)( \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1908\u0645-1973\u0645): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a 6 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1924\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1941\u0645)\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1948\u0645) \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 87 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1951\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1953\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1955\u0645). \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 2:30 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u064a 27 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1963\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0641. \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a John F. Kennedy) 1961-1963\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f) (Watson &amp; Markman, 2014; Lerner, 2012, pp. 1\u20132)\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645(Smith, n.d., p. 96)\u061b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f 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\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00bb(as cited in Smith, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u064a\u0627\u0631 1967\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a 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(1968\u0645) (Smith, n.d., pp. 84\u201399) .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1968\u0645)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646: \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633(( <em>Louis Stokes<\/em> \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a(( <em>William Clay <\/em>\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a 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\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u0633 Malcolm X \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0646 (Martin Luther King Jr.)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u064e\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a) (Straus, 2012, p. 127; Black Americans in Congress, 2023, p. 740).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1969\u0645)\u061b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646: ( \u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0632 <em>Ron Dellums<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a <em>Walter Fauntroy<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 <em>George Collins<\/em>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 (<em>Democratic Select Committee) <\/em>(<em>DSC<\/em>). \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629(Longpree, 1983; Smith, n.d., p. 84; FCO 82-323, 1973).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1971\u0645)( \u0623\u064e\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 9- 13 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646: ( \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a) (Longpree, 1983; Smith, n.d., p. 84; FCO 82-323, 1973)\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629: (\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648(\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648(\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648(<em>Chicano<\/em>)( \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u061b \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1848\u0645)) (Case, 1990, p. 131)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064e\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8221; \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0648\u062f&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645(Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367; Jaynes, 2005, Vol. 1, p. 219).\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 (<em>Charles Rangel<\/em>) \u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u061b \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 ( <em>Congressional Black Caucus)(CBC)<\/em> <em>(Wright, 1972, p. 85) <\/em>. \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u061b \u0644\u0623\u064e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u00a0(Edward\u00a0\u00a0Brooke\u00a0)\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645(Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646(Richard Milhous Nixon1969\u0645-1974\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642(\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627) (Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1971\u0645)( (Smith, n.d., p. 20\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f(Mjagkij, 2001, p. 169). \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8220;\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 &#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8221;. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636(as cited in Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633. \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627(Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367)\u061b \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621(( <em>Black capitalism<\/em> (\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 Booker T. Washington))\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1915\u0645)\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1968\u0645)) (Jaynes, 2005, p. 109)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 (<em>Leon Sullivan<\/em>) (\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 (1922\u0645-2001\u0645) : \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1922\u0645) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1964\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1971\u0645) \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627) (Abegunrin, 2018, p. 67; Archer, 2001, pp. 5\u20137)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064b\u0627(Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064e\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0650\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629(Graves, 1976, p. 118)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1971\u0645)\u061b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629(Tate, 2003, p. 104)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0625\u0650\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627(Rivers, 2005, pp. 19\u201367)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064e\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646:&#8221; \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1971\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 &#8230; &#8220;(as cited in Bradley, 2015, p. 41). \u0646\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645(Congressional Black Caucus Political Action Committee, 1982; Smith, n.d., p. 104).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0650\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u063a\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 (\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1970\u0645) \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u064f\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 4 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0627\u0631 (1970\u0645) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0650\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 600 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627) (Clemens, 2015, pp. 1\u2013368; Barber, 2008, p. 4; Vavrus, 2022, p. 8; Eldridge, 2011, pp. 167\u2013185; Ellis, 2010, p. 50; Davis, 2015, pp. 20\u201321)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0641\u0644\u0631Nelson Rockefeller)) \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1971\u0645)\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f Russell G. Oswald \u0623\u064e\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u062f \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0650\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0650\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d&#8221;)(Thompson, 2016, pp. 1\u2013101)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a(\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 17 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1971\u0645) . \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 &#8220;. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a (Drug Enforcement Administration) (DEA) \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646) (Ferragut, 2007, p. 79; White, 2020; Farmbry, 2014, p. 93; Farber, 2022, p. 247; Bertram &amp; Blachman, 1996, pp. 105\u2013107; Richert, 2018, p. 41; Gierach, 2023)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646(The Conscience of Congress, 1995, p. 41; Ford Presidential Library, 1974; Black Americans in Congress, 2023, p. 740). \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0646 (<em>ClementFurman\u00a0Haynsworth.Jr)\u060c <\/em>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0644<em>George Harrold) Carswell<\/em>) (\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u062a 125 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 (55 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627- 45)\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u062a 17 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636\u061b \u0631\u0634\u062d \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623.\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639) (Narvaez, 1989; Naughton, 1970, p. E2)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1969\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 18 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632\u061b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644) (Fraser, 1972, p. 51; Wright, 1997, pp. 53\u201354).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a 20 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1971\u0645)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646: \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0631 <em>(Richard Gordon Hatcher) <\/em>(\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0631 (1933\u0645-2019\u0645): \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1959)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1963) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1968\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a (1968\u0645) \u0648(1977\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631&#8221; \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f) (Catlin, 2014, pp. 23\u201327). (\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627(( <em>Amiri Baraka <\/em>(\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627 (1934\u0645-2014\u0645) \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c. \u0639\u064f\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627) (Foster, 2001, pp. 25\u201327). (\u0623\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a) \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1972\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627. \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 (4267) \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 43 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629(Smith, n.d., p. 120)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 :&#8221;\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629&#8221;(as cited in Smith, n.d., p. 41). \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f<em>(Black panther<\/em>). \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 150 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a. \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646( <em>Samuel C. Jackson<\/em>) (\u0635\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a. \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646(1929\u0645- 1982\u0645): \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0633. \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1965\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0661\u0669\u0666\u0668\u0645)\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1972\u0645). \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1981\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646 1981Ronald Reagan) -1989\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629= =\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 (WBNB) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a) (Jackson, 1982, p. 26) \u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644 <em>Bobby Seale)<\/em> <em>(Hamilton, 2014, p. 343)).<\/em> (\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644(1936- \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631) \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a. \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 Huey P. Newton \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1966\u0645) \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629) (Hamilton, 2014, p. 343)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646(<em>Jesse Louis Jackson<\/em>) \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (<em>Congress of Racial Equality) CORE<\/em> (\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0631 (James Farmer) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1941\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1942\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1964\u0645) \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627(000, 900) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 137 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646) (Rich, 1965, pp. 113\u2013118) \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 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\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636&#8221; (\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1954\u0645) (Brown v. Board of Education) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064f\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 &#8220;\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646&#8221;. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1968\u0645)\u060c \u0646\u0641\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a&#8221;)(as cited in Rossum &amp; Tarr, 2016, Vol. II, p. 652; Smith, n.d., p. 43). \u0623\u064e\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645(Smith, n.d., p. 121). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649&#8221;60 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 (427) \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 (10\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631) \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629: \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Smith, n.d., p. 122).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064e\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 &#8230; \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a&#8221;(as cited in Smith, n.d., p. 45).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0635\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1972\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636&#8221; \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633: &#8220;\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a) \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629&#8221;(as cited in Smith, n.d., p. 46). \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642&#8221;(Smith, n.d., p. 123).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629(Smith, n.d., p. 123) \u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0643\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0646<em> (George McGovern) <\/em>(\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0643\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0646 (1922\u0645-2012\u0645) \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a 19 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1922\u0645). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1968\u0645). \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1980\u0645) \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e. \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1984\u0645)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (1998-2001)\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (2000\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646) (Congressional Record, 1980, pp. 33803\u201333804; Chapman, 2010, pp. 346\u2013347) \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0641\u0631\u064a( <em>Hubert H. Humphrey<\/em>(\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0641\u0631\u064a (1911\u0645-1978\u0645) \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627. \u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1964\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1968\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1971\u0645). \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 ( 1977\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1978\u0645)\u060c \u0633\u064f\u062c\u064a \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629) (Kloss, 2005, p. 194). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064f \u062b\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a&#8221;)(Bingham, 2024, p. 368). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621) (Smith, n.d., p. 124).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u064e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a) (Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, 1978, p. 89)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0641\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633(Crayton, 2010, pp. 473\u2013485).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1973\u0645) \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629(Smith, n.d., p. 135). \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628(Smith, n.d., p. 191)\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0650\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 24 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1973\u0645) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628) (Smith, n.d., p. 315)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1974\u0645) \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (Moody, 1985, pp. 28\u201329).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 (\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629) (<sup><a id=\"post-16614-footnote-ref-1\" href=\"#post-16614-footnote-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>)(1965\u0645-1974\u0645)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646(\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649)(<sup><a id=\"post-16614-footnote-ref-2\" href=\"#post-16614-footnote-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644(\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631)(<sup><a id=\"post-16614-footnote-ref-3\" href=\"#post-16614-footnote-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632(\u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633( \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632(\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0632( \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649)(<sup><a id=\"post-16614-footnote-ref-4\" href=\"#post-16614-footnote-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0645(\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a( \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633( \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632(\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631) (<sup><a id=\"post-16614-footnote-ref-5\" href=\"#post-16614-footnote-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0632( \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=28c94b53a779764f&amp;q=Ralph+Metcalfe&amp;si=AL3DRZG6eRbkG89eScZ-nbTfonZ6SNh4rYgj13TRomby-naP2BR-UF7M162l7k-Sp1O917OcLrwztcfXr-LkDEAkW5-mcpoYGQyZFyJHR_6Yc5JmJDV14VF8LD84v-APN5fjC1H1X7nPiCCrWj1s4Q5i8KnqIPAERw%3D%3D&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiwvpbc9s6SAxU93gIHHTB5KAQQ_coHegQIEhAB&amp;ictx=0\">Ralph Metcalfe<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>( \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0649)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644<\/p>\n<p>(\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<p>(\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 (<sup><a id=\"post-16614-footnote-ref-6\" href=\"#post-16614-footnote-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>)\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a(\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0625\u0650\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643 <em>Yvonne Burke<\/em>( \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 Barbara\u00a0\u00a0Jordan ( \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a <em>Andrew Young <\/em>(\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0633\u0637 . \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0636 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\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\/ \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633\/ \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\/ \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629)*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062c: \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626) \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f<strong><em>( <\/em>Harold Eugene Ford\u00a0)<\/strong> \/ \u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\/ \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\/ \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a*<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646= \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629= 2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 = 1<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629= 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (4) \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c 92-93(Smith, n.d., p.100)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>(1971\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>(1972\u0645)\/ (1973\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>(1974\u0645)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0625\u0650\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 (1974\u0645). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629(Moody, 1985).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0650\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u064a\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064e\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u064f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0650\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064e\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u064e\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abegunrin, O. W. (2018). <em>Nigeria\u2013United States relations 1960\u20132016<\/em>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adobe Acrobat. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/adobeacrobat.app.link\/Mhhs4GmNsxb\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/adobeacrobat.app.link\/Mhhs4GmNsxb<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Archer, D. (2001). Rev. Leon H. Sullivan civil rights crusader who fought apartheid, promoted job training, dies. <em>Jet, 99<\/em>(22).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barber, D. (2008). <em>A hard rain fell: SDS and why it failed<\/em>. University Press of Mississippi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bingham, C. (2024). <em>The movement: How women\u2019s liberation transformed America 1963\u20131973<\/em>. Atria\/One Signal Publishers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bradley, A. B. (2015). <em>Black scholars in white space: New vistas in African American studies from the Christian academy<\/em>. Pickwick Publications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Case, S.-E. (1990). <em>Performing feminisms: Feminist critical theory and theatre<\/em>. Johns Hopkins University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Catlin, R. A. (2014). <em>Racial politics and urban planning: Gary 1980\u20131989<\/em>. University Press of Kentucky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chapman, R. (2010). <em>Culture wars: An encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices<\/em>. M.E. Sharpe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Clemens, P. G. E. (2015). <em>Rutgers since 1945: A history of the State University of New Jersey<\/em>. Rutgers University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Congressional Black Caucus. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/cbc.house.gov\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/cbc.house.gov<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. (1995). <em>The conscience of Congress: 25th annual legislative conference<\/em>. 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(2010). <em>A call to leadership: The first fifty years of the Indiana Association of Public School Superintendents<\/em>. Purdue University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Farber, D. (2022). <em>The war on drugs<\/em>. New York University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ferragut, S. (2007). <em>A silent nightmare: The bottom line and the challenge of illicit drugs<\/em>. Lulu Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ford Presidential Library. (1974). <em>Congressional Black Caucus meeting: The Robert T. Hartmann files (Box 10, Folder)<\/em>. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Foster, F. S. (2001). <em>The concise Oxford companion to African American literature<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fraser, G. (1972, November 5). Nixon denounced on Africa policy. <em>The New York Times<\/em>, p. 51.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gierach, J. E. (2023). <em>The silver bullet solution: Is it time to end the war on drugs, policing, mass incarceration, racism, immigration, human rights, health care, AIDS and corruption<\/em>. Histria Books.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Graves, E. G. (1976). The nation\u2019s leading Black businesses. <em>Black Enterprise, 6<\/em>(11), 118.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamilton, N. A. (2014). <em>American social leaders and activists<\/em>. Facts On File.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary. (1978). United States Senate, 95th Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hourly History. (2019). <em>American Civil War: A history from beginning to end<\/em>. Independently published.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">House of Representatives, Office of the Historian. (n.d.). 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(2003). <em>Black faces in the mirror: African Americans and their representatives in the U.S. Congress<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thompson, H. A. (2016). <em>Blood in the water: The Attica prison uprising of 1971 and its legacy<\/em>. Penguin Random House.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">United States Congress. (1913). <em>A biographical congressional directory with an outline history of the national Congress 1774\u20131977<\/em> (Document No. 654). Government Printing Office.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">United States Congress. (1969). <em>Committee prints<\/em>. University of Michigan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">United States Congress. (1980). <em>Congressional record: Proceedings and debates of the Congress<\/em> (Vol. 126, No. 25). U.S. Government Printing Office.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vavrus, M. (2022). <em>Teaching anti-fascism: A critical multicultural pedagogy for civic engagement<\/em>. Teachers College Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Watson, W. M., &amp; Markman, S. (2014). <em>Lyndon Johnson and his presidency<\/em>. St. Martin\u2019s Publishing Group.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">White, C. M. (2020). <em>The war on drugs in the Americas<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wright, W. (1972). Congress caucus arouses new political awareness. <em>Negro History Bulletin, 35<\/em>(5), 85.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1185\" height=\"336\" class=\"wp-image-16748\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/d-download-png.png\" alt=\"D:\\download.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/d-download-png.png 1185w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/d-download-png-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/d-download-png-1024x290.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/d-download-png-768x218.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/d-download-png-18x5.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1185px) 100vw, 1185px\" \/>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1974\u0645)<\/strong> <strong>(United States House of Representatives, n.d.).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629. <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1970\u0645). <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u064f\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1970\u0645). <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0644 (1972\u0645). <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1973\u0645). <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (1970\u0645). <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16614-footnote-7\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a*: \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a**: \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a -: \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629. <a href=\"#post-16614-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0631\u064f\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16614","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16614"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16749,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16614\/revisions\/16749"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}