{"id":16612,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:37","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-38\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:26:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:26:01","slug":"7-5-38","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-5-38\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 38"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0631\u063a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Raghda Ali Abdullah Al-Shuaibi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> College of Sharia, Department of Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/38' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/38<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/38' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/38<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 704 - 718<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-38.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A. A.. (2026). Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Shuaibi Raghda Ali Abdullah. 2026. \\&quot;Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Shuaibi R. A. A.. 2026. Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-38\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Shuaibi R. A. A.. Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/38&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Shuaibi R. A. A., \\&quot;Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/38&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Shuaibi Raghda Ali Abdullah. \\&quot;Need in Islamic Sharia and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: A Jurisprudential, Maqasid-Based, and Fiqh Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/38&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0631. \u0639. \u0639. 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the concept of need in Islamic Sharia and its impact on legal rulings from a jurisprudential, maqasid-based, and fiqh perspective. Need is treated as a central concept connected to the methods of legal reasoning, the hierarchy of interests, and the jurisprudential maxims governing facilitation and the removal of hardship. The study aims to clarify the reality of need, its classifications, the conditions for its legal consideration, and the distinction between need and necessity, while also explaining the wisdom behind its legitimacy and presenting practical examples of its application in acts of worship, transactions, and criminal law. The study adopts the inductive method by tracing the views of scholars of Islamic legal theory and jurists regarding the concept of need, its controls, and its fields of application. The study concludes that need occupies an intermediate level between necessity and refinement, and that its legal consideration is based on achieving facilitation and removing hardship without leading to the annulment of an established legal principle or contradicting the objectives of the Lawgiver. It also shows that need may be general, predominant, or specific, and may be original or subsidiary. Its effect appears in the legislation of several concessions, contracts, and rulings, such as salam, wills, leasing, and loans, in a way that realizes the interests of legally accountable individuals and preserves the order of their religious and worldly affairs. The study affirms that the jurisprudence of need constitutes an important approach to contemporary ijtihad, as it provides the ability to balance texts, objectives, and the requirements of reality while adhering to the legal controls that prevent uncontrolled expansion in granting concessions.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Need, necessity, objectives of Islamic Sharia, removal of hardship, legal rulings.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. <sup><a id=\"post-16612-footnote-ref-1\" href=\"#post-16612-footnote-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 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\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639.<sup><a id=\"post-16612-footnote-ref-2\" href=\"#post-16612-footnote-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631. (2002). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 4\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 14\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2002\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2004). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629. \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2004\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 224 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2000). \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2016). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0635\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2016\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2023). \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633: \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: \ufd3f\u0648\u064e\u0644\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064f\u063a\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u062d\u064e\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0635\u064f\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652\ufd3e [\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0631:80]\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a 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href=\"#post-16612-footnote-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c 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justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u201d \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628. (1411\u0647\u0640\/1991\u0645). <strong>\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ibn al-Qayyim, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Ayyub. (1991\/1411 AH). <em>I\u02bflam al-Muwaqqi\u02bfin \u02bfan Rabb al-\u02bfAlamin<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1415\u0647\u0640\/1994\u0645). <strong>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ibn Rushd al-Hafid, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (1994\/1415 AH). <em>Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid<\/em>, edited by Muhammad Subhi Hasan Hallaq. Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a. (1414\u0647\u0640\/1991\u0645). <strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ibn \u02bfAbd al-Salam, \u02bfIzz al-Din \u02bfAbd al-\u02bfAziz ibn \u02bfAbd al-Salam al-Sulami. (1991\/1414 AH). <em>Qawa\u02bfid al-Ahkam fi Masalih al-Anam<\/em>, reviewed and annotated by Taha \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u02beuf Sa\u02bfd. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyat al-Azhariyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645. (1414\u0647\u0640\/1994\u0645). <strong>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ibn Manzur, Muhammad ibn Mukarram. (1994\/1414 AH). <em>Lisan al-\u02bfArab<\/em>. Beirut: Dar Sadir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1419\u0647\u0640\/1999\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647: \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Din ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad. (1999\/1419 AH). <em>Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza\u02beir \u02bfala Madhhab Abi Hanifah al-Nu\u02bfman<\/em>, annotated and hadith-referenced by Zakariyya \u02bfUmayrat. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (\u062f.\u062a). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: <em>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/em>. \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Abu Sulayman, \u02bfAbd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim. (n.d.). <em>Necessity and Need and Their Impact on Islamic Legislation<\/em>, in <em>Studies in Islamic Jurisprudence<\/em>. Makkah: Center for Scientific Research and Revival of Islamic Heritage, Umm al-Qura University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2023\u0645). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 37(94)\u060c 175\u2013242.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ahmed Al-Shafei, Ahmed Nagi Mahmoud. (2023). <em>Criteria for Considering the Shari\u2019a Need When Applied to a Commercial Insurance Contract: An Applied Jurisprudential Study<\/em>. UAE University Journal of Legal Research, 37(94), 175\u2013242.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2000\u0645). <strong>\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Amin, Mustafa Hamid Abdullah. (2000). <em>Controls for Estimating Necessity and Need in Light of the Objectives of Sharia and Their Impact on the Necessary Objectives: An Applied Usuli Study<\/em>. PhD dissertation, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. (1422\u0647\u0640\/2001\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Isma\u02bfil. (2001\/1422 AH). <em>Al-Jami\u02bf al-Sahih<\/em>, edited by Muhammad Zuhayr ibn Nasir al-Nasir. Beirut: Dar Tawq al-Najah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638. (\u062f.\u062a). <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Bin Bayyah, Abdullah ibn al-Shaykh al-Mahfuz. (n.d.). <em>The Craft of Fatwa and the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a. (1411\u0647\u0640\/1991\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628: \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Haydar, \u02bfAli, Khwaja Amin Efendi. (1991\/1411 AH). <em>Durar al-Hukkam: Commentary on the Ottoman Majalla<\/em>, translated into Arabic by Fahmi al-Husayni. Beirut: Dar al-Jil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631. (2002\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c 4(14)\u060c 1\u201349.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Khadimi, Nur al-Din ibn Mukhtar. (2002). <em>The Shari\u2019a Need: Its Reality, Evidence, and Controls<\/em>. Al-\u02bfAdl, 4(14), 1\u201349.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1409\u0647\u0640\/1989\u0645). <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0635\u062d\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u062f\u0629. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Zarqa, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (1989\/1409 AH). <em>Commentary on Islamic Legal Maxims<\/em>, revised and annotated by Mustafa Ahmad al-Zarqa; coordinated and reviewed by \u02bfAbd al-Sattar Abu Ghuddah. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (\u062f.\u062a). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Zarqa, Mustafa Ahmad. (n.d.). <em>The General Introduction to Islamic Jurisprudence<\/em>. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0631. (1414\u0647\u0640\/1994\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Zarkashi, Badr al-Din Muhammad ibn \u02bfAbd Allah ibn Bahadur. (1994\/1414 AH). <em>Al-Bahr al-Muhit fi Usul al-Fiqh<\/em>. Cairo: Dar al-Kutubi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631. (1403\u0647\u0640\/1983\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din \u02bfAbd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr. (1983\/1403 AH). <em>Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza\u02beir in the Maxims and Branches of Shafi\u02bfi Jurisprudence<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a. (1417\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Shatibi, Ibrahim ibn Musa ibn Muhammad al-Lakhmi al-Gharnati. (1997\/1417 AH). <em>Al-Muwafaqat<\/em>, edited by Abu \u02bfUbaydah Mashhur ibn Hasan Al Salman. Al-Khobar: Dar Ibn \u02bfAffan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0643\u0646\u064a. (1441\u0647\u0640\/2019\u0645). <strong>\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\/\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Shinqiti, Muhammad al-Amin ibn Muhammad al-Mukhtar al-Jakani. (2019\/1441 AH). <em>Nathr al-Wurud: Commentary on Maraqi al-Su\u02bfud<\/em>, edited by \u02bfAli ibn Muhammad al-\u02bfImran. Riyadh\/Beirut: Dar \u02bfAta\u02beat al-\u02bfIlm and Dar Ibn Hazm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (1988\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> \u02bfAtiyyah, Jamal al-Din. (1988). <em>The General Theory of Islamic Sharia<\/em>. Medina: Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1390\u0647\u0640\/1971\u0645). <strong>\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad. (1971\/1390 AH). <em>Shifa\u02be al-Ghalil fi Bayan al-Shabah wa al-Mukhil wa Masalik al-Ta\u02bflil<\/em>, edited by Hamad al-Kubaysi. Baghdad: Matba\u02bfat al-Irshad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633. (1393\u0647\u0640\/1973\u0645). <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Al-Qarafi, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Idris. (1973\/1393 AH). <em>Commentary on Tanqih al-Fusul<\/em>, edited by Taha \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u02beuf Sa\u02bfd. Cairo: United Technical Printing Company.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2004\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Kafi, Ahmad. (2004). <em>The Shari\u2019a Need: Its Limits and Rules<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a). <strong>\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qushayri al-Naysaburi. (n.d.). <em>Sahih Muslim<\/em>, edited by Muhammad Fu\u02bead \u02bfAbd al-Baqi. Beirut: Dar Ihya\u02be al-Turath al-\u02bfArabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2016\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ibrahim, Na\u02bfmat Muhammad Uthman. (2016). <em>The Hajiyyat Objectives and Their Impact on Legal Rulings: An Applied Study<\/em>. Master\u2019s thesis, Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of Sharia and Law, Omdurman.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a. (1404\u20131427\u0647\u0640\/1983\u20132006\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Translation:<\/strong> Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Kuwait. (1983\u20132006\/1404\u20131427 AH). <em>The Kuwaiti Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence<\/em>. Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0635: 275 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0635: 88\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0635: 209\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635: 137 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u062c. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a 2\/10 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 16\/247 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 2\/60 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0646 3\/2 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635 210 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627 2\/ 997 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a 2\/ 398 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647: \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0634\u064a 4\/192\u0648480 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0635 391 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637\u064a 2\/498 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a 2\/13 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a 2\/331 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645: 1\/ 34\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 155. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 37. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629: 16\/ 261. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u063584\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u063587. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0635 42 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a 2\/10 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 16\/257 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 16\/258 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 16\/258 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645. <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f 2\/276 <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16612-footnote-27\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b (\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0635: 212) <a href=\"#post-16612-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16612","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16612"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16746,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16612\/revisions\/16746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}