{"id":16448,"date":"2026-04-15T18:07:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T18:07:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16448"},"modified":"2026-04-15T18:07:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T18:07:42","slug":"7-4-38","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-4-38\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623. \u062f. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Ahmed Khalifa Alawi Al-Issawi\u00b9, Prof. Dr. Jean Al Alia\u00b2<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> . Islamic University of Lebanon.<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> . Faculty Member at the Islamic University of Lebanon.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/38' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/38<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/38' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/38<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (4). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 645 - 664<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-12 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-04-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue4\/7-4-38.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Kh. A., Al Alia J.. (2026). Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Issawi Ahmed Khalifa Alawi, Al Alia Jean. 2026. \\&quot;Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 4. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Issawi A. Kh. A., Al Alia J.. 2026. Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-04-01. [Cited 2026-04-23]. 7(4). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-4-38\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Issawi A. Kh. A., Al Alia J.. Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-04-01; 7(4). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Issawi A. Kh. A., Al Alia J., \\&quot;Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Issawi Ahmed Khalifa Alawi, Al Alia Jean. \\&quot;Administrative Centralization System in Iraqi Legislation.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026-04-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623. \u062e. \u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c. (2026). \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646. 2026. \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623. \u062e. \u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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[\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-04-01\u061b 7(4). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623. \u062e. \u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c. \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 4\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646. \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 4\u060c 2026-04-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/38&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button 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\u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 2005\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the system of administrative centralization in Iraqi legislation by clarifying its concept, organizational dimensions, principal elements, and major forms, with particular emphasis on its position within the constitutional structure of the Iraqi state, especially under the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005. The study aims to explain the nature of administrative centralization, identify its advantages and disadvantages, and analyze both the exclusive federal powers and the shared powers between the federal authority and the authorities of regions and governorates within the framework of the relationship between the center and decentralized units. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach through examining the relevant constitutional and legal texts as well as the related administrative jurisprudence. It concludes that administrative centralization remains necessary for consolidating state unity and ensuring the regular functioning of public utilities; however, excessive centralization leads to administrative delay, increased bureaucracy, and weakened local participation. The study also reveals a degree of ambiguity and inconsistency in the Iraqi constitutional regulation of the relationship between the federal authority and the authorities of regions and governorates, which raises practical challenges in the distribution of powers and the management of public resources and national wealth. The study recommends reconsidering certain constitutional provisions in order to achieve a clearer balance between the requirements of state unity and the demands of administrative decentralization, while enhancing efficiency in public administration.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Administrative Centralization, Iraqi Legislation, Constitution of 2005, Federal Powers, Administrative Decentralization.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16448-_Toc155530153\"><\/a><a id=\"post-16448-_Toc171596007\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0645\u0627 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href=\"#post-16448-footnote-1\">[1]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 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justify;\"><strong>1- <\/strong>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2- <\/strong>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1- <\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (115) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a &#8221; \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2- <\/strong> \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a. (2013). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmed Abdul Zahra Kazim Al-Fatlawi. (2013). <em>The Decentralized System and Its Applications<\/em> (1st ed.). Beirut: Zain Legal Publications.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2014). <strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">zhar Hashim Ahmed. (2014). <em>Regulating the Relationship between the Central Authority and Regional Authorities in the Federal System<\/em>. Cairo: National Center for Legal Publications.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a. (2016). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tharwat Al-Badawi. (2016). <em>Administrative Law<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a. (2006). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jawad Al-Hindawi. (2006). <em>The Political System in Light of the Iraqi Federal Constitution<\/em> (1st ed.). Iraq: Dar Al-Rafidain for Printing, Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a. (2009). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jawad Kazim Al-Bakri. (2009). <em>Administrative Federalism and the Foundations of Wealth Distribution: A View of the Iraqi Experience under the Constitution<\/em> (1st ed.). Babylon, Iraq: Hammurabi Center for Research and Strategic Studies.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0647. (2008). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (\u062c2\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Georges Vedel, &amp; Pierre Delvolv\u00e9. (2008). <em>Administrative Law<\/em> (Vol. 2, trans. by Mansour Al-Qadi). Beirut, Lebanon: University Institution for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f. (2015). <strong>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong> (\u06373). \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamid Hanoon Khalid. (2015). <em>Principles of Constitutional Law and the Development of the Political System in Iraq<\/em> (3rd ed.). Baghdad: Al-Sanhouri Bookshop.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a. (2008). <strong>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Suleiman Mohammad Al-Tamawi. (2008). <em>Principles of Administrative Law: A Comparative Study<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629. (2001). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/strong> (\u06374). \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shaher Ali Suleiman Al-Rawashdeh. (2001). <em>Local Administration in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: Its Present and Future<\/em> (4th ed.). Amman: Dar Majdalawi for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644\u064a. (2010). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Taha Hamid Hassan Al-Aqili. (2010). <em>Iraq between Administrative Decentralization and Federalism<\/em>. United Arab Emirates: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a. (2013). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amer Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Shammari. (2013). <em>Regional Central Administration in Iraqi Law: A Comparative Study with UAE Law<\/em>. Beirut: Zain Legal Publications.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2013). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong>. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdul Jabbar Ahmed Abdullah. (2013). <em>Federalism and Decentralization in Iraq<\/em>. Baghdad: Al-Ma&#8217;louma Center for Research and Development.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a. (2001). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdul Razzaq Ibrahim Al-Sheikhli. (2001). <em>Local Administration: A Comparative Study<\/em> (1st ed.). Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2005). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdul Ghani Basyouni Abdullah. (2005). <em>Administrative Law: An Applied Study of the Foundations and Principles of Administrative Law and Their Application in Egypt<\/em>. Alexandria: Saeed Kamel Press.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a. (2018). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong>. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ammar Rahim Ubaid Al-Kinani. (2018). <em>Administrative Decentralization in the 2005 Constitution of Iraq and Its Impact on the Development of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region<\/em>. Baghdad: Comparative Law Library.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a. (2008). <strong>\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2005 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ghazi Faisal Mahdi. (2008). <em>A Treatise on the Texts of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005 in the Balance<\/em> (1st ed.). Baghdad: Legal Culture Foundation.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a. (1996). <strong>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Maher Salih Alawi Al-Jubouri. (1996). <em>Principles of Administrative Law: A Comparative Study<\/em>. Iraq: Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and Publishing, University of Mosul.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u062f. (2001). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong> (\u06372). \u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammed Hamawa Nad. (2001). <em>Federalism, Self-Government, and Regional Administrative Decentralization: A Comparative Theoretical Study<\/em> (2nd ed.). Erbil, Iraq: Mukriani Foundation for Printing and Publishing.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u064a. (2007). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Muhi Al-Din Al-Qaisi. (2007). <em>Administrative Law<\/em> (1st ed.). Beirut: Al-Halabi Legal Publications.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a. (2007). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (\u06372\u060c \u062c1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Munther Al-Shawi. (2007). <em>Constitutional Law<\/em> (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Cairo: Al-Atik for Book Industry.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647. (2003). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (\u06372\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0639\u062f). \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Maurice Duverger. (2003). <em>Political Institutions and Constitutional Law<\/em> (2nd ed., trans. by George Saad). Lebanon: University Institution for Studies, Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062a\u064a. (2011). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong>. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yousef Fawaz Al-Hiti. (2011). <em>Decentralization in Governorates and Decentralization in Regions<\/em>. Baghdad: Misr Murtada Foundation for the Iraqi Book.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2005.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005.<\/em><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (21) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2008.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Law of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region No. (21) of 2008.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c2010\u060c \u063568. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 1996\u060c \u0635 35. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635 28. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 13. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 119. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c2013\u060c \u063554. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 203. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 176. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2006\u060c \u063543. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635208. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a -\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2013\u060c \u063529. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2018\u060c \u063565. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2001\u060c \u063520. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c2008\u060c \u063552. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063569. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c2015\u060c \u063572. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2009\u060c \u063543. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2013\u060c \u063587. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2001\u060c \u063545. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063526. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063541. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063589. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063535. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063523. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2005 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635 36. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (110 \/ \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a: \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629(110) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f (4-6-7) \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (110) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06355. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063521. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635301. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635 36. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635290. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063565. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063543. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (122) \/ \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2005. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2008 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19\/3\/2008 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635234. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063533. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16448-footnote-40\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635240. <a href=\"#post-16448-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16448","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16448"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16449,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16448\/revisions\/16449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}