{"id":15816,"date":"2026-01-31T21:44:12","date_gmt":"2026-01-31T21:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15816"},"modified":"2026-01-31T21:44:13","modified_gmt":"2026-01-31T21:44:13","slug":"7-2-21","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-2-21\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a:  s12497299@stu.najah.edu<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Shahad Qasim Ghanem<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> An-Najah National University, Graduate Studies College, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> s12497299@stu.najah.edu<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/21' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/21<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/21' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/21<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 326 - 334<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-01-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-01-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-02-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue2\/7-2-21.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Q. (2026). Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Shahad Qasim Ghanem. 2026. \\&quot;Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 2. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ghanem S. Q. 2026. Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-02-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 7(2). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-2-21\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ghanem S. Q. Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-02-01; 7(2). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ghanem S. Q, \\&quot;Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Shahad Qasim Ghanem. \\&quot;Organizational Change in Educational Institutions in Israel and the Impact of the Oz LeTmura Reform on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Theoretical\u2013Applied Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026-02-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0634. \u0642. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0634. \u0642. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 2\u060c 2026-02-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/21&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c Oz LeTmura\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aims to analyze organizational change in educational institutions in Israel from a theoretical\u2013applied perspective by examining the impact of the Oz LeTmura reform in secondary education on teacher job satisfaction, working time organization, and professional development. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, and data were collected through an electronic questionnaire administered to a sample of 61 Arab secondary school teachers. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in overall job satisfaction that could be directly attributed to the implementation of the reform, as satisfaction levels remained moderate and slightly positive. However, the results indicated clear positive effects on the organization of school working time, particularly in improving individual planning and preparation hours, as well as enhancing collaborative work and professional development within schools. The study also found a relative increase in occupational stress among some teachers, associated with longer school days and increased organizational demands, with variations in the acceptance of organizational change according to years of teaching experience in favor of less experienced teachers. The study concludes that the success of organizational change in educational institutions requires supportive educational leadership, active teacher participation in decision-making processes, and a balanced approach between reform requirements and teacher well-being to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of change.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Organizational change, educational reform, teacher job satisfaction, Oz LeTmura, educational administration.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a <strong>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong> \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d <strong>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 <strong>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 <strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_m96cb8vpv3c7\"><\/a>2. \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634<\/strong>. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 <strong>\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 <strong>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_tw14o27nkc3g\"><\/a>3. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_46g8eny15uxv\"><\/a>3.1 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Fullan, 2020). \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">( Bush ,2020) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631( Kotter, 2019) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_jqhrtgt1eidw\"><\/a>3.2 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/strong>. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646<\/strong> (Leithwood et al., 2020). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631( Harris &amp; Jones ,2022) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_g0lzktxrmu79\"><\/a>3.3 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 (Skaalvik &amp; Skaalvik, 2021). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631( Collie ,2021) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_1urs3gl91ys6\"><\/a>3.4 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (OECD)<\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 (OECD, 2021; OECD, 2023). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631( Darling-Hammond et al. ,2020) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_nmade7oehpkj\"><\/a>3.5 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/strong>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Benoliel &amp; Berkovich, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_e41d753jfawp\"><\/a>4. \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u064f\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 61 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. <strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645. <br \/>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_2cap7hr2g6p8\"><\/a>5. \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_9tgm3or0c5t4\"><\/a>5.1 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0650 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f <strong>\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1.) \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 1\u20134\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b 4 = \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Oz LeTmura<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.97<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.32<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.2 <strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_dqptp2cewnpb\"><\/a>\u0648\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_dxtlcd6xjzi\"><\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 1\u20134\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b 4 = \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.02<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>2.88<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>2.74<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_ct68lz6p0czl\"><\/a>5.3 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0640:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3). \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 1\u20134\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b 4 = \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1\u201310 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>11\u201320 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_byxyrveajaw6\"><\/a>5.4 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0650 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Skaalvik &amp; Skaalvik, 2021). \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 Collie (2021)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 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\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 (Darling-Hammond et al., 2020). \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 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\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Benoliel &amp; Berkovich, 2018). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 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\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <strong>Oz LeTmura<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_49xtxquwhc75\"><\/a>8. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15816-_qppxb0w1o8kk\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">BBenoliel, P., &amp; Berkovich, I. (2018). There is no \u201cT\u201d in school improvement. <em>Journal of Educational Administration, 56<\/em>(6), 663\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JEA-04-2018-0062<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bush, T. (2020). <em>Educational leadership and management<\/em> (5th ed.). Sage.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Collie, R. J. (2021). <em>Educational Psychology, 41<\/em>(7).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410.2021.1877530<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., &amp; Gardner, M. (2020). <em>Effective teacher professional development<\/em>. Learning Policy Institute.<a href=\"https:\/\/learningpolicyinstitute.org\/product\/effective-teacher-professional-development-report\"> https:\/\/learningpolicyinstitute.org\/product\/effective-teacher-professional-development-report<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fullan, M. (2020). <em>Leading in a culture of change<\/em> (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harris, A., &amp; Jones, M. (2022). <em>School leadership &amp; management<\/em> (2nd ed.). Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kotter, J. P. (2019). <em>Accelerate<\/em>. Harvard Business Review Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Leithwood, K., Harris, A., &amp; Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. <em>School Leadership &amp; Management, 40<\/em>(1), 5\u201322.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13632434.2019.1596077\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13632434.2019.1596077<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">OECD. (2021). <em>Education at a glance<\/em>. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/eag-2021-en<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">OECD. (2023). <em>Education at a glance<\/em>. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/eag-2023-en<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Skaalvik, E. M., &amp; Skaalvik, S. (2021). <em>Teaching and teacher education<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2021.103334<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading educational change: Reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. <em>Cambridge Journal of Education, 33<\/em>(3), 329\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0305764032000122005<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lipham, J. (1981). The relationship of decision involvement and principal\u2019s leadership to teacher job satisfaction. (ERIC Document No. ED207129). https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED207129<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lowe, K. B., &amp; Kroeck, G. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta\u2011analytic review. <em>Leadership Quarterly, 7<\/em>(3), 385\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1048-9843(96)90027-2<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ert\u00fcrk, R. (2022). The effect of teachers\u2019 quality of work life on job satisfaction and turnover intentions. <em>International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 9<\/em>(1), 191\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33200\/ijcer.1008773<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alam, J., &amp; Ashraf, M. A. (2025). The impacts of school leadership styles on teacher satisfaction in vocational education. <em>Vocation, Technology &amp; Education, 7<\/em>(2), 45\u201362.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unpacking the effect of principal empowerment on teacher job satisfaction: The mediation of organizational learning and teacher organizational identification in China. (2024). <em>Social Science Journal, 61<\/em>(2), 251\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soscij.2024.01.004<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zikrayati, Z., Usman, N., &amp; Murniati, A. R. (2023). Organizational climate transformation and emerging implications for teacher job satisfaction. <em>Al\u2011Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 11<\/em>(2), 123\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14421\/altanzim.2023.112-08<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15816","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15816"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15826,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15816\/revisions\/15826"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}