{"id":15485,"date":"2025-12-31T12:47:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T12:47:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15485"},"modified":"2026-03-16T22:22:55","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T22:22:55","slug":"7-1-30","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/7-1-30\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Youssef10elaoud@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Youssef Al-Oud<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Secondary Education Teacher of History and Geography, PhD in Geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> Youssef10elaoud@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/30' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/30<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/30' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/30<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 477 - 489<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-17 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue1\/7-1-30.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2026). Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Youssef Al-Oud. 2026. \\&quot;Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Oud Y.. 2026. Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 7(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-30\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Oud Y.. Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-01-01; 7(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Oud Y., \\&quot;Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Youssef Al-Oud. \\&quot;Using Geographical Maps in Teaching Social Studies.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f \u064a. (2026). \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. 2026. \u00ab\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f \u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-01-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 7(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-30\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f \u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2026-01-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/30&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the use of geographical maps in teaching social studies at the upper secondary level, considering them a central didactic support that contributes to simplifying spatial concepts and consolidating them in learners\u2019 understanding. The study aims to highlight the educational importance of geographical maps and to analyze the didactic approaches to their classroom use, while identifying the main difficulties faced by teachers and learners in reading and utilizing maps. The research adopts a descriptive\u2013analytical methodology, drawing on educational literature, official curricular guidelines, and the researcher\u2019s professional experience. The findings indicate that the systematic use of geographical maps enhances the development of core geographical skills, particularly observation, description, interpretation, and generalization. However, insufficient digital training, lack of equipment, and limited skills-based activities constitute major obstacles to the optimal use of maps. The study recommends integrating digital resources and artificial intelligence, as well as intensifying professional training, to improve the teaching of social studies.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Geographical map, Didactic management, Teaching practice, Digital resources, Artificial intelligence.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0644 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justify;\"><strong>4- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4-1- \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 1989).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627(Zagor, 1990).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 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justify;\">\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"519\" class=\"wp-image-15514\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/c-users-pc-desktop-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\pc\\Desktop\\\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/c-users-pc-desktop-jpg.jpeg 700w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/c-users-pc-desktop-jpg-300x222.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/c-users-pc-desktop-jpg-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/c-users-pc-desktop-jpg-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15485-_Toc97457659\"><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u06441 : \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1154\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 15\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1502\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1536\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1550\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 Projection \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 20<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 ( \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c 1996).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15485-_Toc97456412\"><\/a>4-3- \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8230; \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 Mercator \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 Lambert \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 Mollweide.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0644&#8230; \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 10000\/1 \u0648 25000\/1\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 25000\/1 \u0648 100000\/1\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 100000\/1 \u0648 500000\/1\u2026<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15485-_Toc97456413\"><\/a>4-4- \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>: \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/strong>: \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong>: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/strong>: \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/strong>: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0634 \u0623\u0648 N\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 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src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2.png 1210w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2-1024x765.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2-768x574.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15485-2-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1210px) 100vw, 1210px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2: \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 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justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3: \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15485-_Toc97456414\"><\/a>5- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 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justify;\"><a id=\"post-15485-_Toc97456416\"><\/a>5-2- \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648<\/strong>\u0632<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 ) \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 ( \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631&#8230;) \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649- \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 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\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 SIG.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0625\u0642\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ipy2z8\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"389\">\n<p data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"389\"><strong data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"168\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b 2006.<\/strong><br data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"171\" \/>Ministry of National Education and Higher Education. (2006). <em data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"349\">Educational Programs and Guidelines for the Subject of History and Geography: First Year of the Baccalaureate Cycle<\/em>. Rabat: Ministry of National Education.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ywxwgd\" data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"878\">\n<p data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"878\"><strong data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"593\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0644\u061b 2018.<\/strong><br data-start=\"593\" data-end=\"596\" \/>Al-Nabari Al-Tabari. (2018). <em data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"734\">Professional Qualification Competencies of Teachers and Schools between Theoretical References and Practice<\/em>. Introduction by Abdelatif El-Farabi. Casablanca: International House of the Book for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Al-Manahil Series.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"dj9atn\" data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"1267\">\n<p data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"1267\"><strong data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"1065\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/strong><br data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1068\" \/>Ministry of National Education and Higher Education. <em data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1222\">Educational Guidelines and Programs for Teaching History and Geography in Upper Secondary Education<\/em>. Rabat: Ministry of National Education, n.d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"191o6kn\" data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1585\">\n<p data-start=\"1272\" data-end=\"1585\"><strong data-start=\"1272\" data-end=\"1419\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/strong><br data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1422\" \/>Ministry of National Education and Higher Education. <em data-start=\"1475\" data-end=\"1534\">Al-Massar in History and Geography \u2013 Common Core Sciences<\/em>. School Textbook. Rabat: New Knowledge Press, n.d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"zblivf\" data-start=\"1587\" data-end=\"1902\">\n<p data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1902\"><strong data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1730\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/strong><br data-start=\"1730\" data-end=\"1733\" \/>Ministry of National Education and Higher Education. <em data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1851\">Al-Massar in Geography \u2013 First Year Baccalaureate (Arts Stream)<\/em>. School Textbook. Rabat: New Knowledge Press, n.d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"8o73qt\" data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"2292\">\n<p data-start=\"1907\" data-end=\"2292\"><strong data-start=\"1907\" data-end=\"2087\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/strong><br data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2090\" \/>Ministry of National Education and Higher Education. <em data-start=\"2143\" data-end=\"2241\">Al-Massar in History and Geography \u2013 Common Core Sciences: Geography Lesson, Functions and Tools<\/em>. School Textbook. Rabat: New Knowledge Press, n.d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1u7g06k\" data-start=\"2294\" data-end=\"2635\">\n<p data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2635\"><strong data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2444\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631. \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u061b 2025.<\/strong><br data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2447\" \/>Shaker, Mohammed, &amp; Ghadban, Omar. (2025). Difficulties in Reading Maps in Geography in Upper Secondary Education: Between Pedagogical Challenges and Didactic Constraints. <em data-start=\"2619\" data-end=\"2634\">Rinad Journal<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1hi5jna\" data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2857\">\n<p data-start=\"2640\" data-end=\"2857\"><strong data-start=\"2640\" data-end=\"2740\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b 1996.<\/strong><br data-start=\"2740\" data-end=\"2743\" \/>Abdel Hakim, Mohammed Sobhi, &amp; Al-Laithi, Maher Abdel Hamid. (1996). <em data-start=\"2812\" data-end=\"2825\">Cartography<\/em>. Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Library.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"17rejx3\" data-start=\"2859\" data-end=\"3172\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"2862\" data-end=\"3172\" data-is-last-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"2862\" data-end=\"3003\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b 1989.<\/strong><br data-start=\"3003\" data-end=\"3006\" \/>Briyan, Mohammed, Benhalima, Hassan, &amp; Al-Ouayna, Abdullah. (1989). <em data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3117\">Reading and Analyzing the Topographic Map<\/em>. 2nd ed. Rabat: Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Benimmas A. Le statut de la carte g\u00e9ographique dans la pratique enseignante \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole francophone en milieu minoritaire. <strong>Revue des sciences de l\u2019\u00e9ducation de McGill<\/strong>. 2025;269\u2013291.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zgor M\u2019H. <strong>Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9laboration d\u2019un mod\u00e8le didactique en g\u00e9ographie et \u00e0 son application au niveau de l\u2019\u00e9valuation de licenci\u00e9s marocains au seuil de la profession d\u2019enseignement<\/strong> [th\u00e8se]. Maroc: Universit\u00e9 marocaine\u061b 1990.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637&#8230; \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15485","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15485"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15485\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16252,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15485\/revisions\/16252"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}