{"id":14901,"date":"2025-10-31T11:34:19","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T11:34:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14901"},"modified":"2025-10-31T11:34:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T11:34:22","slug":"6-11-15","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-11-15\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ni.kenfaoui@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Nisreen Kanfawi<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> ni.kenfaoui@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj611\/15' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj611\/15<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/611\/15' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/611\/15<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (11). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 266 - 287<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-10-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-10-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-11-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue11\/6-11-15.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2025). Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(11). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Kenfaoui Nisreen. 2025. \\&quot;Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 11. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Kenfaoui N. 2025. Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-11-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(11). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-11-15\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Kenfaoui N. Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-11-01; 6(11). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/15&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Kenfaoui N, \\&quot;Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 11, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/15&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Kenfaoui Nisreen. \\&quot;Rural Development Stakes in the Face of Water and Climate Challenges: The Case of the Hydro-Agricultural Project in the Asjen Perimeter, Ouezzane Province.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 11, 2025-11-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/15&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0646. 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\u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646\u061b \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study provides a comprehensive, case-based evaluation of the hydro-agricultural project in the Asjen perimeter (Ouezzane province) as a lever for rural development under increasing water scarcity. Using a descriptive-analytical approach supported by field data collected in 2022 and sectoral\/official documents, the study tracks the project\u2019s trajectory from launch (2016) through core hydraulic infrastructure delivery (2016\u20132019) to operation and scaling (2022\u20132024). Findings indicate substantial progress: more than 2,700 ha equipped, ~4,500 smallholders reached, estimated net farm income gains of 300\u2013400% depending on cropping systems, notable job creation, and efficiency gains (\u224825\u201335% water savings; \u224815\u201325% energy savings) driven by drip irrigation. The project also strengthened local water-user associations and expanded higher-value crops (pomegranate, olive, aromatic plants, horticulture).\r\nHowever, sustainability is constrained by recurrent drought and stringent irrigation rationing, maintenance backlogs, low fee-collection performance (~60\u201370% per field testimonies), and downstream marketing bottlenecks limiting value capture. The study recommends a climate-adaptation package\u2014diversifying water sources (rainwater harvesting and decentralized solutions), drought-tolerant crop choices, sensor-guided precision irrigation, and digitalized governance (smart meters, remote reading, and usage apps)\u2014together with value-chain investments (cold storage, processing, geographic indications). Overall, the project has delivered tangible socio-economic impact, yet long-term viability depends on embedding climate adaptation, financial sustainability, and territorial marketing at the core of management.\r\n<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Hydro-agricultural project; Asjen; Loukkos basin; Rural development; Water efficiency; Drought; Water governance.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.1 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (Belghiti, 2005; World Bank, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b 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\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 2,500 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 5,000 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 29 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 30% \u064850% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Kuper et al., 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a 2024-2025\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a 53% \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0649 14% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 (Agence Ecofin, 2025). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.2 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.3 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 (Bouzidi et al., 2018). \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 (Hssaisoune et al., 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a (Belghiti, 2005).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 15% \u0625\u0644\u0649 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 45%\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Harbouze et al., 2019). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641 (Akesbi, 2012). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637 (Choukr-Allah et al., 2016). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 (El Harraki et al., 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Houdret, 2012).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 : \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0636\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 152 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 19 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (Royaume du Maroc, 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Akesbi, 2012). \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 (2008-2018)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 2020-2030<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c 2020). \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633 : \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 3,700 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 500 \u0648800 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (ABHILOU, 2019).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 <strong>\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636. \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 773 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 (Balaghi et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (Creswell &amp; Creswell, 2017).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong> (Case Study)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Yin, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 : \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629-\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 29 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 5,160 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 36,800 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"755\" height=\"433\" class=\"wp-image-14914\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-2.png 755w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-2-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-2-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 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srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-3.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-3-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-3-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-3-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-3-18x10.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-3-135x75.jpeg 135w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.5\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 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justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2022 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646. (AgriMaroc.ma, 2022)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 600 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627: \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 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\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1,200 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (AgriMaroc.ma, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a 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\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 2022) .\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0630\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 5: \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"wp-image-14916\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4-18x10.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-4-135x75.jpeg 135w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>.35 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 (2022-2023)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 2,000 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (AgriMaroc.ma, 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3,000 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 4,200 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 100 \u0648120 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06292022). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.4 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 (2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 100 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 (M\u00e9dias24, 2024). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 6: \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c2024<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"wp-image-14917\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/word-image-14901-5-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,500 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,700+ \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>108%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5,000 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4,500 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>90%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>613%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>300-400%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>50-65%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 (\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,000,000 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>800,000-900,000 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>85%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30-50%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25-35%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70-83%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20-30%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15-25%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75-83%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c 2020\u061b AgriMaroc.ma, 2024\u061b M\u00e9dias24, 2024)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.1\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0646 5,160 \u0625\u0644\u0649 36,800 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645\/\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\/\u0633\u0646\u0629). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a 2024) \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 300% \u0648400%\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 5,160 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 18,000-25,000 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b (AgriMaroc.ma, 2024). \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (Razouk et al., 2020). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Agence Ecofin, 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b (Akesbi, 2012).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064a\u06462024)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2.\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 (2016-2019)<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 800,000 \u0648900,000 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c 2019). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0640 2,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2,500 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0641\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0640 5,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7,000 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b (AgriMaroc.ma, 2024). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/strong>. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (De Haas, 2010). \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.3\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 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justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (Houdret, 2012). \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 (Putnam, 2000).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0630\u0649. \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 (El Harraki et al., 2021). \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong>. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Ostrom, 1990).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 60% \u0625\u0644\u0649 70%<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 (\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 &#8220;\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0641\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 (Houdret, 2012). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629 (Molle &amp; Berkoff, 2007).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 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justify;\"><strong>6.4\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong>. \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 <strong>\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062d\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f 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\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 (Meinzen-Dick, 2007). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Rogers, 2003).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.5\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0628\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646: <strong>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 (Akesbi, 2012). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c <strong>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 (Ait Hou et al., 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0641\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 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\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (Mahdi, 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>7.\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>7.1 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 (2,700+ \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 300% \u0648400%\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f (53% \u0641\u064a 2024-2025)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 (60-70%)\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>7.2\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 1: \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/strong>: \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636<\/strong>: \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0637\u0626 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 2: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 (Balaghi et al., 2022)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0648<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 3: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 4: \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 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\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/strong> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. (2017). <em>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. (2019). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. (2020). <em>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 2020-2030<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. (2020). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 2020-2050<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633 (ABHILOU). (2019). <em>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. (2024). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0632\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0648\u064a. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">AgriMaroc.ma. (2022\u060c 1 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644). https:\/\/www.agrimaroc.ma<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">AgriMaroc.ma. (2024\u060c 4 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644). https:\/\/www.agrimaroc.ma<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00e9dias24. (2024\u060c 4 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644. https:\/\/www.medias24.com<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La Vie \u00c9co. (2015). https:\/\/www.lavieeco.com<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Agence Ecofin. (2025). https:\/\/www.agenceecofin.com<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ait Hou, M., Boujnah, M., &amp; El Keroumi, A. (2016). Value chain analysis of pomegranate in Morocco : Challenges and opportunities. <em>International Journal of Agricultural Management<\/em>, 5(3), 45-58.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akesbi, N. (2012). Une nouvelle strat\u00e9gie pour l&#8217;agriculture marocaine : Le Plan Maroc Vert. <em>New Medit<\/em>, 11(2), 12-23.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Balaghi, R., Jlibene, M., Tychon, B., &amp; Eerens, H. (2013). Agrometeorological cereal yield forecasting in Morocco. <em>INRA Publication<\/em>, Rabat.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Balaghi, R., Ouassou, A., &amp; Ziad, A. (2022). Climate change impacts on water resources and agriculture in Morocco. <em>African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology<\/em>, 16(4), 156-168.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Belghiti, M. (2005). Gestion de l&#8217;irrigation et du drainage au Maroc. In <em>Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems<\/em> (pp. 78-92). FAO Publications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Benouniche, M., Kuper, M., Hammani, A., &amp; Boesveld, H. (2014). Making the user visible: Analysing irrigation practices and farmers&#8217; logic to explain actual drip irrigation performance. <em>Irrigation Science<\/em>, 32(6), 405-420.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bouzid, S., Aboudi, A., &amp; Sebbar, A. (2020). Assessment of pesticide contamination in agricultural soils of northern Morocco. <em>Environmental Monitoring and Assessment<\/em>, 192(8), 1-15.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bouzidi, Z., Fader, M., Bowling, L. C., &amp; Msanda, F. (2018). Irrigation water management in the Loukkos basin (Morocco): Water use efficiency and environmental impacts. <em>Agricultural Water Management<\/em>, 204, 23-35.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Choukr-Allah, R., Ragab, R., &amp; Bouchaou, L. (Eds.). (2016). <em>Water resources in arid areas: The way forward<\/em>. Springer.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, J. D. (2017). <em>Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches<\/em> (5th ed.). Sage Publications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">De Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. <em>International Migration Review<\/em>, 44(1), 227-264.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Denzin, N. K. (2017). <em>The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">El Harraki, W., Ouazar, D., Sbai, A., &amp; Chehbouni, A. (2021). Groundwater management in semi-arid zones: Case study of the Sa\u00efss aquifer (Morocco). <em>Hydrogeology Journal<\/em>, 29(3), 1167-1182.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">FAO. (2023). <em>The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2023<\/em>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Harbouze, R., Pellissier, J. P., Rolland, J. P., &amp; Khechimi, W. (2019). <em>Rapport de synth\u00e8se sur l&#8217;agriculture au Maroc<\/em>. CIHEAM-IAMM.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Houdret, A. (2012). The water connection: Irrigation, water grabbing and politics in southern Morocco. <em>Water Alternatives<\/em>, 5(2), 284-303.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Hssaisoune, M., Bouchaou, L., Sifeddine, A., Bouimetarhan, I., &amp; Chehbouni, A. (2020). Moroccan groundwater resources and evolution with global climate changes. <em>Geosciences<\/em>, 10(2), 81.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Jaouani, A., Sayadi, S., Khomri, I., Messaoud, M., &amp; Boudhrioua, N. (2018). Wastewater reuse for irrigation in Tunisia: Opportunities and challenges. <em>Arabian Journal of Geosciences<\/em>, 11(16), 467.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Karmaoui, A., &amp; Balica, S. F. (2021). A new flood vulnerability index adapted for the pre-Saharan region. <em>International Journal of River Basin Management<\/em>, 19(1), 93-107.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Kuper, M., Hammani, A., Chohin, A., Garin, P., &amp; Bluemling, B. (2016). When groundwater takes over: Linking 40 years of agricultural and groundwater dynamics in a large-scale irrigation system in Morocco. <em>Irrigation and Drainage<\/em>, 65(S1), 45-53.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Mahdi, M. (2014). Les coop\u00e9ratives f\u00e9minines au Maroc: Entre logiques \u00e9conomiques et dynamiques sociales. <em>Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomiques et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires<\/em>, 2(1), 32-45.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Meinzen-Dick, R. (2007). 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