{"id":14653,"date":"2025-09-30T20:42:50","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T20:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14653"},"modified":"2025-09-30T20:42:53","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T20:42:53","slug":"6-10-22","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-10-22\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f<\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e - \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: kabas14@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Mohammed Zain Suleiman Hammad<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Lecturer, University of N\u2019Djamena, Faculty of Arts, Department of History, Chad.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> kabas14@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj610\/22' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj610\/22<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/610\/22' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/610\/22<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (10). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 342 - 349<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-09-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-09-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue10\/6-10-22.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.title_ar || m.title_en || '') : (m.title_en || m.title_ar || '');\r\n    const journal = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.journal_ar || m.journal_en || '') : (m.journal_en || m.journal_ar || '');\r\n    const authors = splitAuthors((langKey === 'ar') ? (m.authors_ar || m.authors_en || '') : (m.authors_en || m.authors_ar || ''));\r\n\r\n    let ris = '';\r\n    ris += 'TY  - JOUR\\n';\r\n    if (title)   ris += 'TI  - ' + title + '\\n';\r\n    authors.forEach(a => { ris += 'AU  - ' + a + '\\n'; });\r\n    if (journal) ris += 'JO  - ' + journal + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.year)  ris += 'PY  - ' + m.year + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.volume)ris += 'VL  - ' + m.volume + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.issue) ris += 'IS  - ' + m.issue + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.doi)   ris += 'DO  - ' + m.doi + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.url)   ris += 'UR  - ' + m.url + '\\n';\r\n    ris += 'ER  - \\n';\r\n    return ris;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildBibTeX(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.title_ar || m.title_en || '') : (m.title_en || m.title_ar || '');\r\n    const journal = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.journal_ar || m.journal_en || '') : (m.journal_en || m.journal_ar || '');\r\n    const authorStr = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.authors_ar || m.authors_en || '') : (m.authors_en || m.authors_ar || '');\r\n\r\n    const keyBase = slugifyFileName(m.doi || title || 'hnsj');\r\n    const key = (keyBase || 'hnsj').slice(0, 40);\r\n\r\n    let bib = '';\r\n    bib += '@article{' + key + ',\\n';\r\n    if (title)      bib += '  title = {' + title + '},\\n';\r\n    if (authorStr)  bib += '  author = {' + authorStr + '},\\n';\r\n    if (journal)    bib += '  journal = {' + journal + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.year)     bib += '  year = {' + m.year + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.volume)   bib += '  volume = {' + m.volume + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.issue)    bib += '  number = {' + m.issue + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.doi)      bib += '  doi = {' + m.doi + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.url)      bib += '  url = {' + m.url + '},\\n';\r\n    bib = bib.replace(\/,\\n$\/, '\\n');\r\n    bib += '}\\n';\r\n    return bib;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function initHnsjCite(root){\r\n    if(!root) return;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Guard: do not bind twice\r\n    if (root.dataset.hnsjInited === '1') return;\r\n    root.dataset.hnsjInited = '1';\r\n\r\n    const openBtn = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-open]');\r\n    const modal   = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-modal]');\r\n    const back    = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-backdrop]');\r\n    const closeBtn= root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-close]');\r\n\r\n    const tabs    = modal.querySelectorAll('.hnsj-tab');\r\n    const select  = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-style]');\r\n    const box     = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-box]');\r\n    const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-copy]');\r\n    const dlBtns  = modal.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-dl]');\r\n\r\n    let lang = 'en';\r\n    let citEn = {};\r\n    let citAr = {};\r\n    let meta = {};\r\n\r\n    function parseData(){\r\n      try{ citEn = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-cit-en') || '{}'); }catch(e){ citEn = {}; }\r\n      try{ citAr = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-cit-ar') || '{}'); }catch(e){ citAr = {}; }\r\n      try{ meta  = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-meta')  || '{}'); }catch(e){ meta = {}; }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function setLang(newLang){\r\n      lang = newLang;\r\n      tabs.forEach(t => t.classList.toggle('active', t.dataset.lang === lang));\r\n\r\n      const data = (lang === 'ar') ? citAr : citEn;\r\n      const styles = Object.keys(data);\r\n\r\n      select.innerHTML = '';\r\n      styles.forEach(st => {\r\n        const opt = document.createElement('option');\r\n        opt.value = st;\r\n        opt.textContent = st;\r\n        select.appendChild(opt);\r\n      });\r\n\r\n      box.dir = (lang === 'ar') ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';\r\n      box.style.textAlign = (lang === 'ar') ? 'right' : 'left';\r\n\r\n      if(styles.length){\r\n        select.value = styles[0];\r\n        box.value = data[styles[0]] || '';\r\n      } else {\r\n        box.value = '';\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function openModal(){\r\n      parseData();\r\n      back.style.display = 'block';\r\n      modal.style.display = 'block';\r\n      document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';\r\n      setLang('en');\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function closeModal(){\r\n      back.style.display = 'none';\r\n      modal.style.display = 'none';\r\n      document.body.style.overflow = '';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function onStyleChange(){\r\n      const data = (lang === 'ar') ? citAr : citEn;\r\n      box.value = data[select.value] || '';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    async function copyCitation(){\r\n      try{\r\n        await navigator.clipboard.writeText(box.value || '');\r\n      }catch(e){\r\n        box.focus(); box.select();\r\n        document.execCommand('copy');\r\n      }\r\n      const old = copyBtn.textContent;\r\n      copyBtn.textContent = (lang === 'ar') ? '\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u2713' : 'Copied \u2713';\r\n      setTimeout(()=> copyBtn.textContent = old, 1200);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    openBtn.addEventListener('click', openModal);\r\n    closeBtn.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n    back.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n\r\n    tabs.forEach(t => t.addEventListener('click', ()=> setLang(t.dataset.lang)));\r\n    select.addEventListener('change', onStyleChange);\r\n    copyBtn.addEventListener('click', copyCitation);\r\n\r\n    dlBtns.forEach(btn => {\r\n      btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\r\n        parseData();\r\n        const kind = btn.getAttribute('data-hnsj-dl'); \/\/ ris or bib\r\n        const langKey = lang || 'en';\r\n        const base = slugifyFileName(meta.doi || meta.title_en || meta.title_ar || 'citation');\r\n\r\n        if (kind === 'ris') {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.ris', buildRIS(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-research-info-systems;charset=utf-8');\r\n        } else {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.bib', buildBibTeX(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-bibtex;charset=utf-8');\r\n        }\r\n      });\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    document.addEventListener('keydown', (e)=>{\r\n      if(e.key === 'Escape' && modal.style.display === 'block') closeModal();\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function bootHnsjCite(){\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-cite-root]').forEach(initHnsjCite);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Run now if DOM already ready, otherwise wait\r\n  if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bootHnsjCite);\r\n  } else {\r\n    bootHnsjCite();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Also handle late injected content (builders\/cache)\r\n  const obs = new MutationObserver(() => bootHnsjCite());\r\n  obs.observe(document.documentElement, { childList: true, subtree: true });\r\n\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<div data-hnsj-cite-root id='hnsjCite_29115'>\r\n  <button type='button' class='hnsj-cite-btn' data-hnsj-open>\r\n    <span>\ud83d\udccc<\/span><span>Cite this article<\/span>\r\n  <\/button>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal-backdrop' data-hnsj-backdrop><\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal' data-hnsj-modal data-meta='{&quot;authors_en&quot;:&quot;Dr. Mohammed Zain Suleiman Hammad&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2025&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-10-22\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2025-10-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Hammad M. Z. S. (2025). Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hammad Mohammed Zain Suleiman. 2025. \\&quot;Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hammad M. Z. S. 2025. Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-10-01. [Cited 2026-04-23]. 6(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-10-22\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hammad M. Z. S. Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-10-01; 6(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hammad M. Z. S, \\&quot;Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 10, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hammad Mohammed Zain Suleiman. \\&quot;Cultural and Social Communication among Sub-Saharan African Countries during the Middle Ages.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 10, 2025-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645. \u0632. \u0633. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645. \u0632. \u0633. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-10-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-23]. 6(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-10-22\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645. \u0632. \u0633. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-10-01\u061b 6(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645. \u0632. \u0633. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2025-10-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/22&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.\r\n\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.\r\n\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aims to analyze the cultural and social communication among Sub-Saharan African countries during the Middle Ages, focusing on the driving factors such as geography, religion, and social interactions, in light of the Islamic solidarity that strengthened ties between African kingdoms and the broader Islamic world. The research employed a historical-analytical approach to trace the pathways of geostrategic and cultural interaction, highlighting the pivotal role of trade and pilgrimage in fostering civilizational exchange and the spread of Islam.\r\nThe findings revealed that Arab migrations from the northeast significantly influenced the demographic structure of the Sahel region, while trans-Saharan trade caravans served as the first bridge of connection between North and Sub-Saharan Africa, coinciding with the rise of medieval empires such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Islamic and commercial centers played a crucial role in establishing local political entities that embraced Islamic culture, while linguistic Arabization reinforced shared cultural and religious identity. Furthermore, the influence of scholars and the prestige of Muslim rulers were decisive in consolidating the role of Islam in the region.\r\nThe study concludes that Sub-Saharan populations constituted a strategic belt for the Islamic world, where civilizational communication based on religion, language, and culture enabled the development of resilient local kingdoms and sultanates. It recommends further research on Arab migrations and their demographic impact, Arab travelers\u2019 writings on the region, the accounts of Leo Africanus, and the colonial phenomenon and its impact on Islamic-Arabic culture in Sub-Saharan African kingdoms.\r\n<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Cultural communication, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle Ages, Islam, Arab migrations, African kingdoms.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0641\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 10\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0631(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-1\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 96% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u064a 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0632\u0646\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-2\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 : (&#8230; \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-3\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 (&#8230;\u0648\u0628\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0648\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u063a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648) \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-4\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u0627* \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b ( \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645)(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-5\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1657-1669\u0645) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-6\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-7\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649) \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0623\u064a : \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-8\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u060c\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1591\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628. \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0623\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1605\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647.(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-9\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627* \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-10\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-11\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629) \u060c ( \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a)\u060c ( \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0648) \u060c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062e\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0644). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0643\u062a\u0648. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-12\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u064a (127\u0647 -1320\u0645) \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (1076- 1087\u0645) \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 (1010-1097\u0645) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0645 (1097-1151\u0645) \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-13\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 (1312- 1331\u0645) \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u0644\u0623\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0628 1324\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0644(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-14\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 (<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-15\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-16\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0641\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0635\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-17\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-18\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 (\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647) \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u060c\u0648\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 ( 1461-1462) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631: (( \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 . \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631(<sup><a id=\"post-14653-footnote-ref-19\" href=\"#post-14653-footnote-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8230; \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0631\u0636 10 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u064820 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0632\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a&#8221;<\/strong>\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1995\u0645\u060c \u0635 109\u2013111.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1975\u0645\u060c \u0635 29.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0635 210.<\/li>\n<li>Palmer, H. R., <strong>Borno Sahara and Sudan<\/strong>, London, 1936, p.7.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c 1857\u0645\u060c \u0635 27.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000\u0645\u060c \u0635 2\u20134\u060c 22\u060c 26.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c <strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221;<\/strong>\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635 45.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 1990\u0645\u060c \u0635 19\u060c 112.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u060c <strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;<\/strong>\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635 189.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c <strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646&#8221;<\/strong>\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635 9\u201311.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 2006\u0645\u060c \u0635 179.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1995\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635 109. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 110 <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u060c \u0635 111. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1975\u0645 \u060c\u0635 29<\/p>\n<p>*- \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0635 210. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; Palmer.borno sahara and Sudan. London.p7 <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 27 <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u060c\u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2000\u0645\u060c \u0635 2. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 2 <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u060c \u0635 3.<\/p>\n<p>*- \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: Maurso\/,avrps <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 4. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 : (( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u062c\u0627\u062e\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0635 45. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 1990\u0645\u060c \u0635 19. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 :\u061b (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635 189. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 112 <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0645\u062f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u060c\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 : ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635 (9\u060c 10\u060c 11). <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 2006\u0645\u060c \u0635 179. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 22. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14653-footnote-19\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 26. <a href=\"#post-14653-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14653","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14653"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14655,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14653\/revisions\/14655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}