{"id":14648,"date":"2025-09-30T20:54:37","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T20:54:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14648"},"modified":"2025-09-30T20:54:40","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T20:54:40","slug":"6-10-27","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-10-27\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645.\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\/\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: noor.hamid@uowasit.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Asst. Lect. Noor Hameed Daas<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Wasit University, College of Basic Education, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> noor.hamid@uowasit.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj610\/27' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj610\/27<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/610\/27' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/610\/27<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (10). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 427 - 449<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-09-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-09-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue10\/6-10-27.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H. (2025). The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Daas Noor Hameed. 2025. \\&quot;The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Daas N. H. 2025. The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-10-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-10-27\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Daas N. H. The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-10-01; 6(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Daas N. H, \\&quot;The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 10, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Daas Noor Hameed. \\&quot;The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Gas Flaring in Iraq and Their Implications for Sustainable Development (2012\u20132024).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 10, 2025-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0646. \u062d. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0646. \u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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[\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 6(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-10-27\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0646. \u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2025-10-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj610\\\/27&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This research aims to identify the economic and environmental impacts of associated gas flaring in Iraq and its implications for sustainable development during the period 2012\u20132024. The study adopted a standard analytical methodology that combines time series analysis of production, flaring, and emissions data, estimating the opportunity cost of converting flared gas into wasted electricity units and its market value, in addition to estimating the social cost of carbon and the health burdens of deteriorating air quality. Data was collected from official, national, and international sources, and the relationship between flaring, gross domestic product, electricity generation efficiency, and emissions was examined using short- and long-term causal models. The results show that continued flaring represents a double economic drain: the loss of potential revenues from selling gas or converting it to generation and processing industries, and the increased alternative costs of importing fuel and covering the electricity system deficit. Environmentally, flaring contributed to increased carbon dioxide emissions and local pollutants, exacerbating health burdens and weakening labor productivity. The study also revealed temporal variation; While some years have witnessed progress in gas collection projects, the pace of implementation has not been sufficient to reduce flaring to levels consistent with climate pledges. The study concludes that reducing flaring represents a rapid lever for advancing sustainable development goals. The study recommends accelerating the connection of all fields to gathering and processing facilities, reforming gas pricing and investment incentives, activating carbon accounting mechanisms, developing long-term gas purchase contracts for power plants and petrochemical industries, and enhancing transparency and governance to ensure sustainable returns and reduce environmental impact.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> associated gas flaring, economic impacts, environmental impacts, sustainable development.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c 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\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a(Abdulkadir et al.2013:285). \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642(Vorobev et al.2019:278). \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 632 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (Al-Rubaye et al.2023:3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"902\" height=\"513\" class=\"wp-image-14666\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/word-image-14648-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/word-image-14648-1.png 902w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/word-image-14648-1-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/word-image-14648-1-768x437.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/word-image-14648-1-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 : \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 (Al-Rubaye et al.2023:3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c\u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 45 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 196000 (\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\/\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0631 70 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 29.4 \u064813.8 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 15.9 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 260 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 20 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a( Al Muhyi, A. H. 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\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 (Lawal et al.2017:3-4) .\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c2024: 156) \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 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S., &amp; Kornev.2017:374)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0642 &#8220;\u0663\u0660%&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 17.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 16.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 2023 (.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u00a0<strong>\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0647\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00a0<strong>11.9 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<strong>17.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1):\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 :(2012-2023)<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u00b3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u00b3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 (%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2012<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>58.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2015<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>22.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>61.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2018<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>14.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>58.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2020<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>23.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>14.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>59.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2023<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>29.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>60.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2009-2018 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(2):\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2012-2024.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u00b3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a ($\/\u0645\u00b3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2012<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8,710<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.097<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>848.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9,160<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.131<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,200.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10,367<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.154<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,592.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2015<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11,922<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.092<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,094.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2016<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13,943<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.087<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,211.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2017<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12,939<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,352.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2018<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11,904<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.111<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,315.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>~17,900<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.098<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,754.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2020<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17,370<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.063<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,094.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2021<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>~18,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.118<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,124.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2022<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17,900<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.333<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5,960.7s<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2023<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.142<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,513.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2024<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17,370<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.104<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1,806.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2012-2024.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 5 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2012-2024 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 5: \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2012-2024<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2012\u20132024)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 (\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (2012-2024) :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 (BCM) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO\u2082) \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 CO\u2082\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO\u2093)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (SO\u2093)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 (VOCs)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a PM2.5 \u0648 PM10 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (Elvidge et al., 2016\u061b World Bank, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5) \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 VIIRS) \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(5):\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (2023)<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO\u2082)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>44 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(World Bank, 2023; EIA, 2023)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 (CH\u2084)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>120 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0640 84-86 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 CO\u2082 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(IPCC, 2021; EPA, 2023)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (SO\u2093)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>95 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(WHO, 2021; EIA, 2023)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO\u2093)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>65 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a (Smog) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(EPA, 2023; EIA, 2023)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (PM)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>18 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(WHO, 2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 44 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 CO\u2082) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b (Emission Factors). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b CO\u2082 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2.5 &#8211; 2.8 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 CO\u2082 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628). \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (CH\u2084, SO\u2093, NO\u2093) \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 VIIRS\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a CO2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2012-2024 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 6:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 6:\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a CO2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2012-2024<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u00a0\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u00a0(PM2.5, PM10) \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646:<\/strong> \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u00a076.3 \u0644\u0643\u0644 100 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u00a0\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/strong>: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/strong>: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>.1 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u00a0<strong>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/strong>: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/strong>: \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u00a0<strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631<\/strong>: \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/strong>: \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> .3 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u00a0<strong>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 6: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (2012-2024)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0638\u0644\u062a\u00a0\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u00a0\u062d\u0648\u0644 60% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u00a0\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629\u00a0\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipieca.org\/resources\/flaring-management-guidance%2023\/8\/2025%2010.37\">https:\/\/www.ipieca.org\/resources\/flaring-management-guidance 23\/8\/2025 10.37<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629, \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631, \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645. (2023). \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. Journal of Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences (Print ISSN: 1681-6870, Online ISSN: 2790-2293), (1), 319-329.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a, \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d, \u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0634, \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645, \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0667, \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629,\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0666.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a, \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a, \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f, \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u060c\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644 ( 2024) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \/\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (\u0665\u0664) \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0664<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u060c\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u060c\u0639\u0628\u062f \u060c\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (2024) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 . \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 6 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u060c\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628. (2016). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631): \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 1-11.\u200f<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2016). \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a,.131-114 ,(27)32<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f, \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628, \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a, \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f, &amp; \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629, 6(1), 81-100.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. ( 2023 ) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/publication\/2023global-gas-flaring-tracker-report\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/publication\/2023global-gas-flaring-tracker-report<\/a><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2024 \u060c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/global-flaring-data\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/global-flaring-data<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alagoz, E. (2023). Sustainable development in the oil and gas sector: Considering economic, environmental and social aspects. International journal of earth sciences knowledge and applications, 5(2), 303-308.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Rubaye, A. H., Jasim, D. J., Jassam, S. A., Jasim, H. M., Ameen, H. F. M., &amp; Khoshnaw, F. A. (2023, December). Associated Petroleum Gas: Environmental, Utilization, and Economic Rationale. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1262, No. 2, p. 022026). IOP Publishing<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Arena, M., Azzone, G., Ratti, S., Urbano, V. M., &amp; Vecchio, G. (2023). Sustainable development goals and corporate reporting: An empirical investigation of the oil and gas industry. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 12-25<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baker, S. A. (2018). The possibility of using associated gases of the khabaz oil field in supporting the production of electrical energy. Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies, 8(2), 92-105.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barkan, M. S., &amp; Kornev, A. V. (2017). Prospects for the use of associated gas of oil development as energy product. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2), 374-383.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Blessing , Ijeoma Ngozi . (2015) &#8221; The role of environmental cost accounting in environmental sustainablitiy in Nigeria .&#8221; American journal of business , economic and management ,3 ,no. 6<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cherednichenko, O., Serbin, S., &amp; Dzida, M. (2019). Application of thermo-chemical technologies for conversion of associated gas in diesel-gas turbine installations for oil and gas floating units. Polish Maritime Research, 26, 181-187.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chutcheva, Y. V., Kuprianova, L. M., Seregina, A. A., &amp; Kukushkin, S. N. (2022). Environmental management of companies in the oil and gas markets based on AI for sustainable development: An international review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 952102.\u200f<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Emam, E. A. (2015). GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW. Petroleum &amp; coal, 57(5(.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Emam, E. A. (2016). Environmental pollution and measurement of gas flaring. Int. j. innov. res. sci. eng. technol, 2, 252-262.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gomes\u00b9, A. C. S., Shcherba, V. A., &amp; Vorobyey, K. A. (2022, March). Analysis of Associated Petroleum Gas (APG). In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety: ICCATS 2021 (Vol. 168, p. 442). Springer Nature.\u200f<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Y. M., Hami, N., &amp; Abdulameer, S. S. (2020). Assessing Sustainable Manufacturing Practices and Sustainability Performance Among Oil and Gas Industry in Iraq. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(4), 60-67.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ismail, O. S., &amp; Umukoro, G. E. (2012). Global impact of gas flaring. Energy and Power Engineering, 4(4), 290-302.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lawal, K. A., Ovuru, M. I., Eyitayo, S. I., Matemilola, S., &amp; Adeniyi, A. T. (2017). Underground storage as a solution for stranded associated gas in oil fields. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 150, 366-375.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohsen, M. A., &amp; Rasheed, T. M. (2024). The Economic Viability of Associated Gas Investment in Iraq During the period (2012-2021). Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 30(144), 193-204.\u200f<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohsen, M. A., &amp; Rasheed, T. M. (2024). The Economic Viability of Associated Gas Investment in Iraq During the period (2012-2021). Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 30(144), 193-204.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mojarad, A. A. S., Atashbari, V., &amp; Tantau, A. (2018, March). Challenges for sustainable development strategies in oil and gas industries. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence (Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 626-638). Sciendo.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ngene, S., Tota-Maharaj, K., Eke, P., &amp; Hills, C. (2015). Environmental implications of flaring and venting in crude oil and natural gas production. Energy Research.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Osuoha, C. A., &amp; Fakutiju, M. A. (2017). Gas flaring in Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Cost, ecological and human health implications. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 390-410.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ozili, P. K. (2022). Sustainability and sustainable development research around the world. Managing Global Transitions, 20(3<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vorobev, A., &amp; Shchesnyak, E. (2019, August). Associated petroleum gas flaring: the problem and possible solution. In International Congress on Applied Mineralogy (pp. 227-230). Cham: Springer International Publishing.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zhao, W., Zhang, T., Wang, Y., Qiao, J., &amp; Wang, Z. (2018). Corrosion failure mechanism of associated gas transmission pipeline. Materials, 11(10), 1935.\u200f<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zheng, J., Guo, M., Lo, K., Lian, B., Chen, Y., Wu, Y., &amp; Lin, L. (2024). Assessing energy efficiency of natural gas in China\u2019s transition towards carbon neutrality. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 9(6), 614-630<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al Muhyi, A. H. A., &amp; Aleedani, F. Y. K. (2021). The effect of natural gas flaring on air pollution and its contribution to climate change in Basra City.\u00a0Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences,\u00a05(1), 25-38.\u200f<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vorobev, A., &amp; Shchesnyak, E. (2019, August). Associated petroleum gas flaring: the problem and possible solution. In International Congress on Applied Mineralogy (pp. 227-230). Cham: Springer International Publishing.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdulkadir, M., Isah, A. G., &amp; Sani, Y. (2013). The effect of gas flaring on the environment and its utilization (Case study of selected villages in Niger Delta area of Nigeria).<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ma, Z., Trevisanut, C., Neagoe, C., Boffito, D. C., Jazayeri, S. M., Jagpal, C., &amp; Patience, G. S. (2016). A micro-refinery to reduce associated natural gas flaring.\u00a0Sustainable cities and society,\u00a027, 116-121.\u200f<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elvidge, C. D., Zhizhin, M., Baugh, K., Hsu, F. C., &amp; Ghosh, T. (2016). Methods for Global Survey of Natural Gas Flaring from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Data. Energies, 9(1), 14. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en9010014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en9010014<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2023). Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Understanding Global Warming Potentials. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/understanding-global-warming-potentials\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/understanding-global-warming-potentials<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023). Flaring Emissions. IEA, Paris. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/flaring-emissions\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/flaring-emissions<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/\">https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHO (World Health Organization). (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2022). Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report. World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/gas-flaring-explained\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/gas-flaring-explained<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2023). Global Gas Flaring Data. World Bank Global Flaring Data Product. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/extractiveindustries\/brief\/globa\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/extractiveindustries\/brief\/globa<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14648","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14648","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14648"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14648\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14670,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14648\/revisions\/14670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14648"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}