{"id":14395,"date":"2025-09-02T10:42:39","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T10:42:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14395"},"modified":"2025-09-17T20:21:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-17T20:21:57","slug":"6-9-39","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-9-39\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Diaa Kadhim Jaloud Jaloub Al-Shammari<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Holder of a Master&#039;s Degree in Public Law, Islamic University of Lebanon<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj69\/39' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj69\/39<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/69\/39' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/69\/39<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (9). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 626 - 640<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-08-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-08-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-09-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue9\/6-9-39.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2025). Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;14395. 2025. \\&quot;Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 9. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;14395. 2025. Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-09-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(9). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-9-39\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;14395. Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-09-01; 6(9). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/39&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;14395, \\&quot;Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 9, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/39&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;14395. \\&quot;Genocide in International Law: Elements of the Crime and the Features of the International Criminal Court.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 9, 2025-09-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/39&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0636. \u0643. \u062c. \u062c. 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1948.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines genocide as one of the gravest international crimes targeting human existence, by unpacking its constituent elements under international law and delineating the scope of the International Criminal Court\u2019s (ICC) jurisdiction over it. It adopts an analytical\u2013comparative approach to the foundational texts\u2014the 1948 Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute\u2014and to the case law of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, while highlighting the ICC\u2019s role as a permanent judicial mechanism. The findings indicate that the material element is satisfied by committing one or more of the exhaustively enumerated acts (e.g., killing, inflicting bodily or mental harm, or imposing life conditions intended to bring about physical destruction), whether by commission or omission where a legal duty exists, and within a pattern of widespread and systematic conduct directed at a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group as such. The mental element requires special intent to destroy the group, in whole or in part\u2014distinguishing genocide from crimes against humanity\u2014with judicial flexibility in assessing what constitutes \u201cin part\u201d in terms of quantitative magnitude or qualitative impact. The study further shows that the ICC\u2019s temporal jurisdiction is non-retroactive and applies only after the Rome Statute\u2019s entry into force; that territorial, personal, and complementarity parameters govern the exercise of jurisdiction; and that its subject-matter jurisdiction is confined to the most serious crimes. It recommends expanding criminalization to encompass forms of \u201ccultural genocide,\u201d repealing provisions that allow deferral of jurisdiction, and strengthening cooperation and domestic legislation to ensure there is no impunity.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Genocide; special intent; material element; mental element; Rome Statute; International Criminal Court; temporal and territorial jurisdiction; 1948 Genocide Convention.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 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\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc457023768\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc207235481\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<a id=\"post-14395-_Toc497987035\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc106097746\"><\/a><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (6) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0630\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0650\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 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\u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc497987036\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc207235482\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644<a id=\"post-14395-_Toc497987037\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc106097748\"><\/a><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0644 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justify;\">2- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (12) \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc104297901\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc207235486\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc473539327\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<a id=\"post-14395-_Toc104297902\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc106097756\"><\/a><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc207235487\"><\/a><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">4- \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5- \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1998 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-14395-_Toc207235489\"><\/a><strong>\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2000.<\/li>\n<li>\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (32)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2008.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2015.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2010.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0632\u0627 1998.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2003.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2001.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2014.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2014.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>((<\/sup> \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8221; \u0634\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0631\/\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 &#8221; \u060c 1988\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 231-249 <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635 75. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 334 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 64. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (32)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2008\u060c \u0635 53 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 80 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u0646 27\/6 &#8211; 3\/7\/1998\u060c \u0635 78 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (6\/\u0623) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: PCNICC\/2000\/INF\/3add.2 <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (6) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 UN. Doc., PCNICC\/2000\/INF\/3\/add.2 <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635 16. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 97. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635 369. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (11\/2) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 77. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (124) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (25\/1) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2022\u060c \u0635 124. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14395-footnote-18\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>() <\/sup>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 323. <a href=\"#post-14395-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14395","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14395","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14395"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14395\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14511,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14395\/revisions\/14511"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}