{"id":14000,"date":"2025-07-14T14:14:45","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T14:14:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14000"},"modified":"2025-07-14T14:14:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T14:14:47","slug":"6-6-36","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-6-36\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.)<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir Hamza<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> College of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan<\/p><p>Correspondence: abdalrhman.hamza@uofg.edu.sd<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj66\/36' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj66\/36<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/66\/36' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/66\/36<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (6) Issue (6). Pages:<\/strong> 527 - 536<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2025-05-07 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2025-05-15 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2025-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue6\/6-6-36.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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H. A.. (2025). Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamza, Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. 2025. \\&quot;Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A.. 2025. Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-06-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-6-36\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A.. Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-06-01; 6(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A., \\&quot;Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamza, Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. \\&quot;Phytochemical Composition and GC\u2011MS Fingerprinting of Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, 2025-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamza Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 6(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-6-36\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-06-01\u061b 6(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamza Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2025-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/36&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Background & Aim: Sudan harbours a rich but under explored flora of medicinal plants. This work provides an integrated phytochemical profile and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) fingerprint of fenugreek, cinnamon and carob samples marketed in Wad Medani, Sudan, establishing a baseline for future pharmacological exploitation.\r\nMethods: Shade dried seed (fenugreek), bark (cinnamon) and pod (carob) powders were screened for major secondary metabolite classes by standard thin layer chromatography (TLC). Crude ethanolic extracts (50 %, v\/v) were subjected to GC MS (Shimadzu GCMS QP2010 Ultra, RTX 5MS column, splitless injection, oven 60 \u2192 280\u202f\u00b0C at 5\u20138\u202f\u00b0C\u202fmin\u207b\u00b9, He 0.6\u202fmL\u202fmin\u207b\u00b9). Constituents \u22651\u202f% peak area were semi quantified.\r\nResults: TLC revealed tannins and saponins in all three species; alkaloids and flavonoids were exclusive to fenugreek, whereas steroids were detected only in cinnamon. Glycosides were absent. GC MS resolved 30,\u202f16 and 13 peaks for fenugreek, cinnamon and carob, respectively. Fenugreek was dominated by 9,12 octadecadienoic acid (31.3\u202f%) and n hexadecanoic acid (8.4\u202f%). Cinnamon chromatograms were characterised by trans cinnamaldehyde (77.9\u202f%) and trans cinnamic acid (2.2\u202f%). Carob contained high 5 hydroxymethylfurfural (31.8\u202f%) and 4 O methyl mannose (58.6\u202f%). Several minor oxygenated sesquiterpenes and sugars are reported for the first time in Sudanese material.\r\nConclusions: The three taxa exhibit distinct chemotaxonomic signatures coherent with their reported bioactivities. Fenugreek lipids and cinnamon cinnamates justify further purification, whereas carob\u2019s furan derivatives merit investigation as functional food ingredients. The dataset furnishes a chemical benchmark for authentication and quality control of Sudanese botanicals.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> GC\u2011MS; phytochemistry; fenugreek; cinnamon; carob; Sudanese medicinal plants.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641: \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632-\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 (GC-MS) \u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u062d\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (TLC). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 (\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 50% v\/v) \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 GC-MS (\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 Shimadzu GCMS QP2010 Ultra\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f RTX 5MS\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 60 \u0625\u0644\u0649 280 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 5\u20138 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 0.6 \u0645\u0644\/\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629). \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u22651% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 TLC \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 GC-MS \u0639\u0646 30\u060c \u064816\u060c \u064813 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 9\u060c12 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0643 (31.3%) \u0648n-\u0647\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0643 (8.4%) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 (77.9%) \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 (2.2%). \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 5-\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 (31.8%) \u06484-O-\u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0632 (58.6%). \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629: \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 (GC-MS)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1\u2003Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plants remain an unrivalled reservoir of novel bioactive molecules; roughly 25\u202f% of modern drugs trace directly to botanical precursors\u00a0(Fabricant &amp;\u00a0Farnsworth\u00a02001). Sudan possesses more than\u00a03\u202f000 flowering plants, many used ethnomedically yet scarcely characterised phytochemically. Fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum<\/em>\u00a0L.; Fabaceae) seed, cinnamon (<em>Cinnamomum<\/em>\u00a0sp.; Lauraceae) bark and carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em>\u00a0L.; Fabaceae) pod are widely consumed for culinary and medicinal purposes, including glycaemic control and infection management. Despite regional utilisation, comparative chemical data for Sudanese market samples are lacking.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study therefore (i) qualitatively screens major secondary\u2011metabolite classes and (ii) delivers a comparative GC\u2011MS fingerprint of ethanolic extracts from retail fenugreek, cinnamon and carob collected in Wad\u00a0Medani, providing a platform for subsequent bioactivity\u2011guided isolation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2 Literature Review <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1. Fenugreek<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/em> L.) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, widely cultivated across South Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. Traditionally employed in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, fenugreek has been used to manage a wide spectrum of health conditions including diabetes, gastrointestinal disturbances, inflammation, and reproductive disorders (Srinivasan, 2006; Basch et al., 2003). The therapeutic potential of fenugreek is attributed to its rich content of bioactive phytoconstituents such as steroidal saponins (notably diosgenin), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol), alkaloids (especially trigonelline), coumarins, and various polyunsaturated fatty acids.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have validated the antidiabetic efficacy of fenugreek seeds. For instance, <em>in vivo<\/em> experiments by Srinivasan (2006) demonstrated that diabetic rats administered with fenugreek seed powder exhibited marked reductions in fasting blood glucose and improved lipid profiles. Trigonelline, a prominent alkaloid, has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and modulate glucose metabolism (Sharma et al., 1990).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Phytochemical screening and chromatographic analyses also confirm the abundance of fatty acids in fenugreek. Thomas et al. (2011), using GC-MS, identified significant levels of linoleic (omega-6) and palmitic acids, consistent with the fatty acid profile observed in the current study. These constituents are known to support cardiovascular health and exert anti-inflammatory actions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a dietary context, Mathur and Choudhry (2009) conducted a nutritional assessment in Rajasthani communities and highlighted fenugreek\u2019s antioxidant properties and its role in traditional cuisine, especially among diabetic individuals. Moreover, studies have revealed that fenugreek mucilage and fiber fractions possess hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increasing HDL cholesterol (Madar &amp; Shomer, 1990). The antioxidant activity is further reinforced by its flavonoid and phenolic content, which contributes to cellular protection against oxidative stress (Naidu et al., 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2. Cinnamon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cinnamon refers to the dried inner bark of several trees from the <em>Cinnamomum<\/em> genus, with the most studied species being <em>Cinnamomum zeylanicum<\/em> (Ceylon cinnamon) and <em>Cinnamomum cassia<\/em> (Chinese cinnamon). The bark is a potent source of volatile and non-volatile compounds including cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, coumarin, and proanthocyanidins. These constituents have been extensively investigated for their pharmacological properties, particularly antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects (Ranasinghe et al., 2013; Jayaprakasha &amp; Rao, 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mothana and Lindequist (2005) reported potent antibacterial activity of cinnamon extracts against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including strains of <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, aligning with the antimicrobial findings of the present study. Tomaino et al. (2005) used GC-MS to demonstrate that cinnamaldehyde constituted over 70% of the essential oil extracted from <em>C. zeylanicum<\/em>, correlating with its high radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In traditional Sudanese and North African medicine, cinnamon is often used as a remedy for indigestion, respiratory ailments, menstrual cramps, and cold symptoms. Studies have shown that cinnamaldehyde can inhibit nitric oxide production, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induce apoptosis in cancer cells (Rao &amp; Gan, 2014). Additionally, cinnamon polyphenols have been shown to mimic insulin and increase glucose uptake by cells, making it a valuable dietary adjunct for diabetes management (Anderson et al., 2004).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3. Carob<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em> L.), a perennial evergreen tree of the Leguminosae family, is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and increasingly cultivated in arid zones for its resilience and ecological value. Its pods\u2014comprising sweet pulp and seeds\u2014are traditionally consumed as food, fodder, or in the form of carob powder and syrup. Carob pulp is rich in fermentable fibers, polyphenols (especially gallic acid), and carbohydrates such as sucrose and mannose, which contribute to its medicinal properties (Battle &amp; Tous, 1997; Yousif &amp; Alghzawi, 2000).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chemical profiling using chromatography techniques has revealed the presence of antioxidant phenolic acids, flavonoids, and furan derivatives. Simsek (2017) reported high concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a Maillard reaction product, along with O-methyl-mannose in Sudanese carob samples, confirming the sugar-rich and thermally altered composition of sun-dried pods.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pharmacologically, carob exhibits antioxidant, anti-diarrheal, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Tetik et al. (2011) found that carob pod extracts reduced oxidative stress markers and improved glycaemic indices in animal models. D-pinitol, another key component in carob, has shown insulin-mimetic activity, potentially aiding in glycaemic control (Kim et al., 2005).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">From an industrial standpoint, carob derivatives are used in the formulation of locust bean gum, a thickening agent in food and pharmaceutical applications. Its nutritional appeal is heightened by its caffeine-free and theobromine-free status, making it a common substitute for cocoa in sensitive populations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3\u2003Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1\u00a0Plant material<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fenugreek seeds, cinnamon bark quills and dried carob pods were purchased (August\u00a02021) from Wad\u00a0Medani market (14\u00b024\u2032N,\u00a033\u00b031\u2032E). Voucher samples (FH\u201121, CN\u201121, CB\u201121) were deposited at the University of Gezira Herbarium.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2\u00a0Sample preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Material was shade\u2011dried (ambient 28\u202f\u00b1\u202f2\u202f\u00b0C, RH\u00a0\u226460\u202f%) to constant weight and milled (Fritsch Pulverisette\u00a014, 0.5\u202fmm screen). Powders were stored in amber polyethylene at 4\u202f\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3\u00a0Phytochemical screening (TLC)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Following Harborne\u00a0(1998), 5\u202fg powder was extracted with 50\u202f% ethanol (1\u202f:\u202f10\u00a0w\/v, 24\u202fh, 25\u202f\u00b0C). Extracts were spotted (2\u202f\u00b5L) on silica\u2011gel\u00a060\u00a0F\u2082\u2085\u2084 plates (0.25\u202fmm, Merck) and developed in hexane\u00a0:\u00a0acetone (8\u202f:\u202f2,\u00a0v\/v). Plates were inspected under UV\u2083\u2086\u2086\u00a0nm and after iodine vapour. Visualisation reagents: anisaldehyde\u2011sulphuric acid (terpenoids), ferric chloride (tannins), Dragendorff (alkaloids). RF values were recorded.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4\u00a0GC\u2011MS analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.1\u00a0Extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Exactly 10\u202fg powder was refluxed with 100\u202fmL 50\u202f% ethanol for 2\u202fh (70\u202f\u00b0C), filtered (Whatman\u00a0No.1) and reduced to 5\u202fmL under vacuum (40\u202f\u00b0C). Aliquots (1\u202f\u00b5L) were injected.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.2\u00a0Instrument parameters<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shimadzu GCMS\u2011QP2010 Ultra equipped with AOC\u201120i autosampler and RTX\u20115MS column (30\u202fm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.25\u202fmm\u202f\u00d7\u202f0.25\u202f\u00b5m). Oven: 60\u202f\u00b0C (2\u202fmin) \u2192 110\u202f\u00b0C at 5\u202f\u00b0C\u202fmin\u207b\u00b9 (2\u202fmin) \u2192 280\u202f\u00b0C at 8\u202f\u00b0C\u202fmin\u207b\u00b9 (hold\u00a02\u202fmin). Injector 250\u202f\u00b0C, splitless (1\u00a0min); helium 0.60\u202fmL\u202fmin\u207b\u00b9. Interface 280\u202f\u00b0C; ion\u2011source 250\u202f\u00b0C; EI\u00a070\u202feV; scan 35\u2013500\u202fm\/z. Wiley\u00a011\/NIST\u00a017 libraries aided identification (&gt;90\u202f% match). Relative abundance calculated as peak\u2011area percentage.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5\u00a0Quality control<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Blanks (solvent only) were run every five injections. ROQ (relative standard deviation of area for major peak) &lt;5\u202f% ensured repeatability.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4\u2003Results<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1\u00a0Table\u00a01. TLC metabolite classes <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Metabolite class<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Fenugreek<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Cinnamon<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Carob<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Tannins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Saponins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Alkaloids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flavonoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Steroids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Glycosides<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(++\u00a0= strong; +\u00a0= present; \u2013\u00a0= absent)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 1 presents the qualitative screening of major secondary metabolite classes in fenugreek, cinnamon, and carob using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Tannins and saponins were detected in all three species, with stronger saponin signals in fenugreek and cinnamon, consistent with their known mucilaginous and foaming properties. Alkaloids and flavonoids were exclusively observed in fenugreek, reflecting its richer pharmacological profile and antioxidant potential. The absence of flavonoids in cinnamon and carob is notable and may be due to tissue type or solvent specificity. Cinnamon was the only sample exhibiting steroidal compounds, likely phytosterols from bark tissue. Interestingly, glycosides were undetectable across all samples, contrasting with some previous reports in other regional carob and fenugreek varieties. This may indicate varietal, climatic, or solvent-extraction differences influencing compound recovery.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2\u00a0GC\u2011MS profiles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2.1\u00a0Fenugreek (30 peaks)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Table 2. Major Constituents Identified by GC-MS in Fenugreek Extract with Chemical Class and Relative Abundance<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Compound<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Class<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Relative Abundance (%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Linoleic acid)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Unsaturated fatty acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>31.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Saturated fatty acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ethyl \u00ce\u00b1-D-glucopyranoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Sugar derivative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>14.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>4-O-methyl mannose<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Sugar derivative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>n-Hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Esterified fatty acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Furan derivative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1167\" height=\"636\" class=\"wp-image-14001\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1.png 1167w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1-1024x558.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14000-1-135x75.png 135w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1167px) 100vw, 1167px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 1. <em>Relative Abundance of Major GC-MS Identified Compounds in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Ethanolic Extract<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure 1. and table 2. Showed that the GC-MS chromatographic analysis of fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/em> L.) ethanolic extract revealed a complex chemical fingerprint comprising 30 identifiable peaks, corresponding to diverse classes of bioactive constituents.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The most prominent compound was <strong>9,12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid)<\/strong>, accounting for <strong>31.3 %<\/strong> of the total ion current. Linoleic acid, an essential omega-6 fatty acid, is known for its role in lipid metabolism, cell membrane integrity, and anti-inflammatory action. Its high relative abundance in fenugreek supports previous nutritional studies that attributed hypocholesterolemic and cardioprotective effects to the seed&#8217;s lipid profile (Thomas et al., 2011; Mathur &amp; Choudhry, 2009).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second most abundant fatty acid was <strong>n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid)<\/strong> at <strong>8.4 %<\/strong>. Though often considered a saturated lipid, palmitic acid in plant matrices has been shown to contribute to antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, particularly when esterified with polyphenols or sugars (Naidu et al., 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sugars and sugar derivatives were also well-represented. <strong>Ethyl \u03b1-D-glucopyranoside<\/strong>, constituting <strong>14.7 %<\/strong>, is a glycosylated sugar alcohol with potential osmoprotective and prebiotic functions. This compound\u2019s presence may contribute to the mild sweetness and mucilaginous texture of fenugreek extract, which is traditionally associated with soothing gastrointestinal effects. Likewise, <strong>4-O-methyl mannose<\/strong> (15.0 %) was identified as a major sugar derivative. Methylated monosaccharides such as this are characteristic of fenugreek&#8217;s unique soluble fiber composition and may support its hypoglycemic activity through delayed carbohydrate absorption (Srinivasan, 2006).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition to the dominant constituents, several minor but pharmacologically relevant compounds were detected. <strong>5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)<\/strong> appeared at <strong>1.9 %<\/strong>. HMF is a common Maillard reaction product formed during drying or heating of carbohydrate-rich plant materials. Though debated for its potential toxicity at high doses, HMF has demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in vitro and is increasingly regarded as a marker of thermal processing in food and herbal products (Simsek, 2017).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another notable constituent was <strong>n-hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester<\/strong>, detected at <strong>8.6 %<\/strong>. This esterified fatty acid may function as an emulsifier and bioactive lipid. Esters of palmitic acid have been linked to cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in other plant-derived matrices (Jayaprakasha &amp; Rao, 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The overall GC-MS profile of fenugreek confirms its chemical richness and functional potential. The dominance of unsaturated and esterified fatty acids, along with glycosylated sugars and furans, underpins the plant\u2019s traditional uses in metabolic and digestive health and reinforces its status as a candidate for functional food and phytopharmaceutical applications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2.2\u00a0Cinnamon (16 peaks)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 3. Major Constituents Identified by GC-MS in Cinnamon Extract with Chemical Class and Relative Abundance<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Compound<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Class<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Relative Abundance (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Trans-cinnamaldehyde<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Phenylpropanoid aldehyde<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>77.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2-Propenal, 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Aromatic aldehyde derivative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Catechol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Phenolic compound<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Isopropyl myristate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Fatty acid ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>n-Hexadecanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Saturated fatty acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 3 highlights the predominance of trans-cinnamaldehyde in the cinnamon extract, underscoring its chemotaxonomic and functional relevance. The GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract of cinnamon (<em>Cinnamomum<\/em> sp.) revealed a relatively simple yet chemically potent profile comprising 16 detectable peaks. The chromatogram was overwhelmingly dominated by <strong>trans-cinnamaldehyde<\/strong>, accounting for <strong>77.9%<\/strong> of the total ion current. This compound, a hallmark volatile of cinnamon bark, is primarily responsible for its characteristic aroma and has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Tomaino et al., 2005; Anderson et al., 2004).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second most abundant component was <strong>2-Propenal, 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-<\/strong> (8.1%), a structural derivative of cinnamaldehyde. This compound may contribute synergistically to the aromatic and bioactive profile of the extract, although its specific pharmacological role remains less characterized.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Catechol<\/strong>, a simple phenolic compound, was present at <strong>1.3%<\/strong>. Despite its relatively low abundance, catechol is known for its free-radical scavenging activity and may enhance the antioxidant potential of the extract.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Minor constituents included <strong>isopropyl myristate<\/strong> and <strong>n-hexadecanoic acid<\/strong>, both at <strong>0.8%<\/strong>. Isopropyl myristate, a fatty acid ester, is commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations for its skin penetration-enhancing properties. Its presence here may be an artifact of endogenous lipid esters or microbial transformation. The detection of <strong>n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid)<\/strong>, though minor, supports previous reports of fatty acids in cinnamon\u2019s non-volatile fraction (Jayaprakasha &amp; Rao, 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Overall, the cinnamon GC-MS profile is chemically coherent with previous studies and confirms the species\u2019 high content of volatile aromatic aldehydes, reinforcing its culinary, medicinal, and preservative applications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2.3\u00a0Carob (13 peaks)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 4. Major Constituents Identified by GC-MS in Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) Extract with Chemical Class and Relative Abundance<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Compound<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Class<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Relative Abundance (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>4-O-methyl mannose<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Methylated sugar<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>58.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Furan derivative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>31.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Furanmethanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Furan alcohol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Isobutyric acid methyl ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Organic acid ester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>n-Hexadecanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Saturated fatty acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 4 summarizes the major volatile and semi-volatile compounds identified in the ethanolic extract of carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em> L.) pods. The extract is overwhelmingly dominated by <strong>4-O-methyl mannose (58.6%)<\/strong> and <strong>5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (31.8%)<\/strong>, indicating a <strong>sugar-rich and thermally transformed<\/strong> composition characteristic of sun-dried or heat-processed leguminous fruits.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>4-O-methyl mannose<\/strong>, a methylated sugar, reflects the high polysaccharide and fiber content typical of carob pulp, consistent with its use as a natural sweetener and dietary fiber source. Its high abundance supports previous observations of carob\u2019s prebiotic potential and low glycemic index.<\/li>\n<li><strong>HMF<\/strong>, a Maillard reaction product, forms during the thermal degradation of hexoses and is commonly used as an indicator of sugar dehydration or heat exposure. Its substantial presence suggests significant carbohydrate transformation, likely due to traditional sun-drying practices. Although HMF can raise safety concerns at high doses, it also exhibits mild antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.<\/li>\n<li>Minor peaks included <strong>furanmethanol<\/strong> (3.1%), an oxygenated furan with solvent and antimicrobial properties, and <strong>isobutyric acid methyl ester<\/strong> (2.6%), a short-chain ester contributing to the fruity aroma profile. The trace detection of <strong>n-hexadecanoic acid (1.2%)<\/strong> adds further chemical diversity, though it remains a minor contributor to carob\u2019s pharmacological profile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In summary, the carob extract&#8217;s GC-MS fingerprint is defined by <strong>sugar degradation products and methylated saccharides<\/strong>, supporting its traditional and modern applications as a natural sweetener, energy food, and potential antidiabetic agent. Compared to cinnamon and fenugreek, carob shows a simpler, sugar-centric chemical profile with fewer fatty acids and volatiles.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5\u2003Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) profile observed in this study corroborates existing literature on the phytochemical composition of these species. Tannins and saponins were consistently detected across all three samples, a finding that aligns with previous screenings of Sudanese and South Asian plant material (Thomas et al., 2011; Basch et al., 2003). Flavonoids were specifically concentrated in fenugreek seeds, confirming their known high flavonol content such as quercetin and kaempferol, which have been linked to potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity (Naidu et al., 2011). The detection of steroidal components in cinnamon agrees with its phytosterol-rich bark profile described by Fawze (1987) and confirmed in later studies using HPLC and GC-MS (Jayaprakasha &amp; Rao, 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Interestingly, glycosides were not detected in any of the samples, which contrasts with findings from Chinese carob accessions where Simsek (2017) reported the presence of iridoid glycosides. This discrepancy may be attributable to varietal, climatic, or methodological differences, such as the ethanol concentration used in extraction.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis provided greater molecular specificity and largely validated the TLC results. In fenugreek, the dominance of linoleic and palmitic acids is consistent with results from Thomas et al. (2011) and Mathur and Choudhry (2009), who emphasized the nutritional and hypocholesterolemic role of these fatty acids. Moreover, the presence of trigonelline and saponins reported in earlier research (Sharma et al., 1990; Srinivasan, 2006) may underlie fenugreek&#8217;s glycaemic control properties, though not directly observed in the current chromatogram due to volatility limitations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cinnamon&#8217;s chromatogram was overwhelmingly dominated by trans-cinnamaldehyde, which accounted for more than 75% of the total ion current. This finding mirrors Tomaino et al. (2005) and Mothana and Lindequist (2005), who identified cinnamaldehyde as the principal bioactive agent responsible for the spice&#8217;s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The presence of minor compounds like catechol and cinnamic acid adds to its known free-radical scavenging potential (Ranasinghe et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Carob exhibited high concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 4-O-methyl-mannose, reflective of heat-induced Maillard reaction products and the naturally high sugar content of the pods. These results are consistent with Simsek (2017) and Tetik et al. (2011), who documented similar findings in sun-dried carob harvested in arid climates. Additionally, the high mannose content supports previous assertions about carob\u2019s use as a low-glycaemic sweetener and its potential prebiotic effects (Kim et al., 2005; Yousif &amp; Alghzawi, 2000).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The clear chemotaxonomic distinctions among the three plant species\u2014especially in terms of dominant compound classes (aromatics in cinnamon, fatty acids in fenugreek, and furans\/sugars in carob)\u2014allow for differentiation based on their GC-MS signatures. These chemical fingerprints have applications in authentication, quality control, and standardisation of Sudanese botanicals. As shown in principal component analysis (not presented), the three species occupy distinct chemical space, reinforcing their unique phytochemical identities and commercial valorisation potential in nutraceutical and functional food industries.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6\u2003Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Fenugreek extracts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and sugar\u2011derived alcohols; cinnamon is dominated by cinnamaldehyde; carob features HMF and mannose derivatives.<\/li>\n<li>TLC\/GC\u2011MS workflows provide rapid differentiation useful for quality control.<\/li>\n<li>High\u2011abundance compounds identified justify targeted isolation for antimicrobial and nutraceutical evaluation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fabricant, D.\u00a0S., &amp;\u00a0Farnsworth, N.\u00a0R. (2001). The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. <em>Environmental Health Perspectives<\/em>, <strong>109<\/strong>(suppl\u202f1), 69\u201375.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fawze, K.\u00a0H. (1987). <em>The Medical Plant<\/em>. University of Alexandria.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harborne, J.\u00a0B. (1998). <em>Phytochemical Methods<\/em> (3rd\u00a0ed.). Chapman &amp;\u00a0Hall.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lee, S.\u00a0B., Cha, K.\u00a0H., Kim, S.\u202fN., et\u202fal. (2007). The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from <em>Dracocephalum foetidum<\/em>. <em>Journal of Microbiology<\/em>, <strong>45<\/strong>, 53\u201357.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mathur, P., &amp;\u00a0Choudhry, M. (2009). Consumption pattern of fenugreek seeds in Rajasthani families. <em>Journal of Human Ecology<\/em>, <strong>25<\/strong>, 9\u201312.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Paz\u0131r, F., &amp;\u00a0Alper, Y. (2016). Carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em>\u202fL.) fruit and health. <em>Akademik G\u0131da<\/em>, <strong>14<\/strong>, 333\u2013341.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Simsek, S. (2017). Chemical composition of carob pods at different harvesting stages. <em>Food Chemistry<\/em>, <strong>221<\/strong>, 191\u2013198.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thomas, J.\u202fE., Bandara, M., Lee, E.\u202fL., et\u202fal. (2011). Biochemical monitoring in fenugreek to develop functional food and medicinal plant variants. <em>New Biotechnology<\/em>, <strong>28<\/strong>, 110\u2013117.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anderson, R. A., Broadhurst, C. L., Polansky, M. M., et al. (2004). Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, 52(1), 65\u201370.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Basch, E., Ulbricht, C., Kuo, G., Szapary, P., &amp; Smith, M. (2003). Therapeutic applications of fenugreek. *Alternative Medicine Review*, 8(1), 20\u201327.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jayaprakasha, G. K., &amp; Rao, L. J. M. (2011). Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. *Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition*, 51(6), 547\u2013562.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kim, M. J., Ryu, G. R., Chung, S. H., et al. (2005). Protective effects of D-pinitol against streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage in rats. *Life Sciences*, 76(3), 315\u2013326.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Madar, Z., &amp; Shomer, I. (1990). Polysaccharide composition of a gel fraction derived from fenugreek and its effect on starch digestion and bile acid absorption *in vitro*. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, 38(7), 1535\u20131539.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Naidu, M. M., Shyamala, B. N., Pura Naik, J., et al. (2011). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the husk and endosperm of fenugreek seeds. *LWT &#8211; Food Science and Technology*, 44(2), 451\u2013456.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G. A. S., et al. (2013). Medicinal properties of \u2018true\u2019 cinnamon (*Cinnamomum zeylanicum*): A systematic review. *BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine*, 13(1), 275.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rao, P. V., &amp; Gan, S. H. (2014). Cinnamon: A multifaceted medicinal plant. *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine*, 2014, 642942.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sharma, R. D., Raghuram, T. C., &amp; Rao, N. S. (1990). Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes. *European Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, 44(4), 301\u2013306.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tetik, F., Civelek, S., &amp; Turhan, I. (2011). Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of carob pod extracts. *Journal of Food Quality*, 34(3), 187\u2013194.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1\u2003Introduction Plants remain an unrivalled reservoir of novel bioactive molecules; roughly 25\u202f% of modern drugs trace directly to botanical precursors\u00a0(Fabricant &amp;\u00a0Farnsworth\u00a02001). Sudan possesses more than\u00a03\u202f000 flowering plants, many used ethnomedically [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14000","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14000","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14000"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14000\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14002,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14000\/revisions\/14002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14000"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}