{"id":12770,"date":"2025-02-18T18:08:22","date_gmt":"2025-02-18T18:08:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=12770"},"modified":"2025-02-18T18:08:24","modified_gmt":"2025-02-18T18:08:24","slug":"6-1-42","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-1-42\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623. \u062f. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: mntsralzawy45@gmail.com<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\r\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Muntasir Hassan Ali Al-Azzawi<sup>1<\/sup>, Prof. Ashraf Rammal<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Islamic University of Lebanon, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Department of Private Law,<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> mntsralzawy45@gmail.com;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Lecturer at the Islamic University of Lebanon and Research Supervisor<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj61\/42' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj61\/42<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/61\/42' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/61\/42<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 766 - 782<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2024-12-04 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2024-12-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue1\/6-1-42.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H. A, Rammal A. (2025). PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\\r\\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Muntasir Hassan Ali Al-Azzawi, Ashraf Rammal. 2025. \\&quot;PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\\r\\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Azzawi M. H. A, Rammal A. 2025. PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\\r\\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-1-42\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Azzawi M. H. A, Rammal A. PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\\r\\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-01-01; 6(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Azzawi M. H. A, Rammal A, \\&quot;PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\\r\\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Muntasir Hassan Ali Al-Azzawi, Ashraf Rammal. \\&quot;PROFESSIONAL ERRORS OF DOCTORS IN CIVIL LIABILITY AND CASES OF ITS ABSENCE\\r\\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, 2025-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-01-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 6(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-1-42\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-01-01\u061b 6(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2025-01-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/42&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 , \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 : \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 . \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The research aims to find deterrent and preventive means and laws against the state of negligence to reduce it, as well as contribute to extracting laws and provisions that control medical errors and know the mechanisms for proving professional medical error against the doctor in Sharia and law. The research followed the inductive approach and the descriptive analytical approach in addition to the comparative approach. The research reached several results, the most important of which is that professional medical errors are errors committed by doctors during the practice of the profession, and may be due to negligence, lack of experience, poor diagnosis, or even due to the circumstances surrounding the health institution and others. The research recommended the need to improve education and training: strengthening continuing medical training programs, and updating the curricula of medical colleges to include professional ethics and modern diagnostic techniques. And applying quality and safety standards: commitment to global treatment protocols and quality assurance techniques within hospitals and medical institutions.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Medical errors, doctors, civil liability.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 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justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 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\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646, 2004\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644 , \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 , 2014 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u0637 1 , \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 , 1996 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 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\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 , 2022 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 , \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2020 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , 2014\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 240 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \/ 2 \/ 2012 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0631\u0642\u0645 ( 81 ) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1984 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0631\u0642\u0645 89 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1981 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 111 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 131 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1948\u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0661\u0661 \/ \u0661 \/ \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0664 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0665\u0663\/\u0662\u0661\u0665 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0663\u0665 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0665\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0664 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 . \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a , \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 434 \/ 443 \/ \u062a \/ \u062c \/ 2016 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 946 , \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 9 \/ 5 \/ 2002 , \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2 \u2013 3 , 2002.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 30 \/ 6 \/ 1953 , \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u060c \u0633 4 , \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0663\u0666\u0664 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f3\u06f3 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 , \u0631\u0642\u0645 47 , \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \/ 3 \/ 1990 .<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u06f2\u06f2 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f1\u06f3 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f1\u06f9 \u060c \u06f2- \u06f7\u06f3.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 6 \/ 12 \/ 2003 \u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0666\u0668\u0666 \/ \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \/ \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0667\u0665\u0661 \u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e13 \/ 3 \/ 2018 , net.ma7kama.www \u060c \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dspa.ul.edu.lb\">http:\/\/dspa.ul.edu.lb<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cc.gov\">http:\/\/www.cc.gov<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv\">http:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u0637 1 , \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 , 2007\u0645., \u0635 21 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , 2014 , \u0635 13 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0634\u0630\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2012 \u0645 , \u0635 42 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0632\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u060c 2006 \u060c \u0635 108 . \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u0645\u0635\u0631 , 1952 \u0645 , \u0635 63 \u2013 64 . \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 , \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f0 \u0645 , 156 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 214 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0631\u0642\u0645 89 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1981 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 28 \/ 1 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 240 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \/ 2 \/ 2012 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 , \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , , \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 21 , 2019 \u0645 , \u0635 5 , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 : <a href=\"http:\/\/dspa.ul.edu.lb\/details\">http:\/\/dspa.ul.edu.lb\/details<\/a>. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u062c 2 , \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 , \u062c 2 , \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0629 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 2001 \u0645 , , \u0635 537 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 6 \/ 12 \/ 2003 \u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0666\u0668\u0666 \/ \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \/ \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0667\u0665\u0661 \u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 30 \/ 6 \/ 1953 , \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u060c \u0633 4 , \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0663\u0666\u0664 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f3\u06f3 . \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 : \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0646 , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 , \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 2004 \u060c \u0635 \u0666\u0664 . \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642, \u0645\u0635\u0631 , 2020 \u0645 \u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0666\u0660. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f8\/\u06f3\/\u06f1\u06f3 \u060c net.ma7kama.www \u060c \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 946 , \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 9 \/ 5 \/ 2002 , \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 , 2002 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2 \u2013 3 , \u0635 359 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 21 \/ 4 \/ 1932 , \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 : \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , 1951 \u0645 , \u0635 258 . \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2005 \u0645 , \u0635 59 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 18 . \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 42 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633 , \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 2020 \u0645 . , \u0635 51 . \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u062c 3 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u0637 2 , \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 , 1999\u0645 , \u0635 149 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0634\u0630\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 43 . \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 270 \u2013 271 . \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u062c\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a , \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 , 1966\u0645 ., \u0635 364 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 . \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a , \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 434 \/ 443 \/ \u062a \/ \u062c \/ 2016 \u0645 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0661\u0661 \/ \u0661 \/ \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0664 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0665\u0663\/\u0662\u0661\u0665 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0663\u0665 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0665\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0664 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 , \u0631\u0642\u0645 47 , \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \/ 3 \/ 1990 , \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 : \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 267 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u062c , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f , \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 12 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , 1942 \u0645 , \u0635 422 . \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 17 . \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0648 , 2008 , \u0635 16 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 203 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f , \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a , \u062a\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0648 , 2011 , \u0635 149 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 371 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 111 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() Article 223-6 &#8221; Quiconque pouvant emp\u00eacher par son action imm\u00e9diate, sans risque pour lui ou pour les tiers, soit un crime, soit un d\u00e9lit contre l&#8217;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 corporelle de la personne s&#8217;abstient volontairement de le faire est puni de cinq ans d&#8217;emprisonnement et de 75 000 euros d&#8217;amende .<\/p>\n<p>Sera puni des m\u00eames peines quiconque s&#8217;abstient volontairement de porter \u00e0 une personne en p\u00e9ril l&#8217;assistance que, sans risque pour lui ou pour les tiers, il pouvait lui pr\u00eater soit par son action personnelle, soit en provoquant un secours.<\/p>\n<p>Les peines sont port\u00e9es \u00e0 sept ans d&#8217;emprisonnement et 100 000 euros d&#8217;amende lorsque le crime ou le d\u00e9lit contre l&#8217;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 corporelle de la personne mentionn\u00e9e au premier alin\u00e9a est commis sur un mineur de quinze ans ou lorsque la personne en p\u00e9ril mentionn\u00e9e au deuxi\u00e8me alin\u00e9a est un mineur de quinze ans.&#8221;, Modifi\u00e9 par LOI n\u00b02018-703 du 3 ao\u00fbt 2018-art. 5, Code p\u00e9nal. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0631\u0642\u0645 ( 81 ) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1984 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() Article 9 &#8220;Tout m\u00e9decin qui se trouve en pr\u00e9sence d&#8217;un malade ou d&#8217;un bless\u00e9 en p\u00e9ril ou, inform\u00e9 qu&#8217;un malade ou un bless\u00e9 est en p\u00e9ril, doit lui porter assistance ou s&#8217;assurer qu&#8217;il re\u00e7oit les soins n\u00e9cessaires [*devoir d&#8217;assistance \u00e0 personne en danger.&#8221;, par D\u00e9cret 2004-802 2004-07-29 art. 5 A JORF 8 ao\u00fbt 2004, Code de d\u00e9ontologie m\u00e9dicale. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 ( \u0641\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0644 , \u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648 , \u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 )\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 : \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0664\u0661 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 , \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 , 2001 , \u0635 25 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u06f3\u06f9\u06f2 . \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f. \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u062c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 , \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0664 \u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0664\u0664 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0664\u0663 \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u06f3\u06f0 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 20 \/ 2 \/ 1958 , \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 : \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , 246 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 , 2022 , \u0635 150. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() Cass, Crim, 7 Mars 2017, 16-80.754: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr<\/a> <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() Cass , Crim , 27 Mars 2019 , 17-86.389 ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr<\/a> <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , 2009 , \u0635 196 \u2013 202 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 163 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 131 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1948\u0645 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 204 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 40 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1951\u0645 , \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 : &#8221; \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 &#8221; . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 17 . \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 388 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 271 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-40\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 189 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 ) , \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u0635\u0631 , 1998 \u0645 , \u0635 223 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-42\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 , 2015 , \u0635 43 \u2013 44 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-43\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1936 , \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 : \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 , 2008 , \u0635 98 . \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 412 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-44\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 , \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2019 \u2013 2020 , \u0635 22 <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-45\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 , 2010 , \u0635 239 <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-45\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-46\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 , \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 22 \u2013 23 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-46\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-47\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d , \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 , \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 1999 \u0645 , \u0635 115 <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-47\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-48\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0661\u0666\u0665 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0661\u0666\u0666 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 261 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 131 \u2013 341 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-49\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u062c 1 , \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 , \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a , 2018 \u0645 \u060c \u0635 \u06f2\u06f2\u06f3 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-50\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 , \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 , 2010 \u0645 , \u0635 126 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-51\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0664 \u0645 , \u0635 \u06f9\u06f8 , \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633 , 2018 \u0645 \u060c \u0635 \u06f2\u06f7\u06f9. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-52\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 , \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 , \u0645\u0635\u0631 , 2023 \u0645 , \u0635 248 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-52\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-53\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u2013 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u0635\u0631 , \u0635 89 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-54\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0635 , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 , \u062c 1 , \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 5 , 1992 \u0645 , \u0635 482 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-54\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-55\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0644\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 , \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 , 2005 \u0645 , \u0635 145 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-55\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-56\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 211 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 : ( \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0622\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0648 <strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643) . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-56\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-57\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 , 2010 \u0645 , \u0635 512 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-57\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-58\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a , \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , 1951 \u0645 , \u0635 202 \u2013 203 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-58\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-59\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 , \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2020 \u0645 , \u0635 27 . \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u0637 1 , \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 , 1996 \u0645 , \u0635 184 \u2013 185 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-60\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644 , \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 , 2011 \u0645 , \u0635 106 . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-61\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 211 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 : ( \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0622\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643) . <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-61\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12770-footnote-62\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a , \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 , 1966 \u0645 , \u0635 169. <a href=\"#post-12770-footnote-ref-62\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 : \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 . \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12770","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12770","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12770"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12770\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12771,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12770\/revisions\/12771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12770"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}