{"id":12768,"date":"2025-02-18T18:01:17","date_gmt":"2025-02-18T18:01:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=12768"},"modified":"2025-02-18T18:01:19","modified_gmt":"2025-02-18T18:01:19","slug":"6-1-41","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/6-1-41\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623. \u062f. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: mntsralzawy45@gmail.com<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Muntasir Hassan Ali Al-Azzawi<sup>1<\/sup>, Prof. Ashraf Rammal<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Islamic University of Lebanon, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Department of Private Law,<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> mntsralzawy45@gmail.com;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Lecturer at the Islamic University of Lebanon and Research Supervisor<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj61\/41' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj61\/41<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/61\/41' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/61\/41<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 755 - 765<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2024-12-04 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2024-12-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue1\/6-1-41.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H. A, Rammal A. (2025). Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Muntasir Hassan Ali Al-Azzawi, Ashraf Rammal. 2025. \\&quot;Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Azzawi M. H. A, Rammal A. 2025. Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-23]. 6(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-1-41\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Azzawi M. H. A, Rammal A. Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-01-01; 6(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Azzawi M. H. A, Rammal A, \\&quot;Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Muntasir Hassan Ali Al-Azzawi, Ashraf Rammal. \\&quot;Evidence by decisive oath in civil litigation.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, 2025-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-01-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-23]. 6(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-1-41\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-01-01\u061b 6(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645. \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2025-01-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj61\\\/41&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0640 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This research aims to study the proof by decisive oath in the civil suit and how it is completed by the supplementary oath, what are the conditions for its completion, what is the role of the court in it, what is the nature of the supplementary oath, and is it evidence or just a means that the court resorts to when needed, and what is the extent of the court's discretionary authority in it. This research followed the analytical and comparative approaches. The research reached several results, the most important of which is that the decisive oath is the one that ends the dispute in the lawsuit filed or the subject court - and that adhering to the decisive oath in the legal system means abandoning the use of other evidence, and that the request to direct the decisive oath is done in a formal form and precise procedures, in accordance with the applicable laws. The research recommended that the Iraqi legislator should grant the court the authority to impose penalties on the arbitrary opponent in directing the oath.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Decisive oath, supplementary oath, civil litigation.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 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\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0665 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0637 2 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 , 1997\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u0647 , \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 , 2006 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0637 1 , \u062c \u06f2 , \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f0 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 , \u0637 3 , \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , 2000 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 2005 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 1997 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 , 2007 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631, 2006 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a , \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 , \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 , \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 , \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0647 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 , \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 , 1984 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0631\u062c\u0629 , \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0637 2 , \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 1987 \u0645 , \u0635 231 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f1 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 1987 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a , \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2006 \u0645 .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a , \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 , \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a , \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 , 1967 , \u0635 523 \u2013 526 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 93 , \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a , \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 , \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 , \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 , \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0647 , \u0635 373 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0666 \u060c \u0635 \u0665 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a , \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f7 \u060c \u0635 \u06f2\u06f2\u06f8 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 , \u0637 3 , \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , 2000 , \u0635 514 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0635 , \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 , 1970 , \u0635 113 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a , \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a , \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u062c 11 , \u0635 516 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f , \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 :- <a href=\"http:\/\/Arabic.bayynat.org\/Htm\">http:\/\/Arabic.bayynat.org\/Htm<\/a> . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>()\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 514 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 1987 \u0645 , \u0635 106 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 , \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 , 1984 \u0645 , \u0635 2 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 106 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>()\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631, 2006\u060c \u0635 216 <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0637 2 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 , 1997 \u0645 , \u0635 257. <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0631\u062c\u0629 , \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0637 2 , \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 1987 \u0645 , \u0635 231 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0631 , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 1997 \u0645 , \u0635 282 \u2013 283 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f0 \u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f2 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u0647 , \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 , 2006 \u0645 , \u063564. <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u0647 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 58 \u2013 59 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 , \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0637 1 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 2007 \u0645 , \u0635 86 . \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 258 \u2013 263 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f1 \u0645 \u060c \u0635 \u06f9\u06f9 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627 , \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 , 2007 \u0645 , \u0635 348 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0637 1 , \u062c \u06f2 , \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f0 \u0645 \u060c \u0635 \u0664\u0668\u0668 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 119 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 305 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 , \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0665 \u060c \u0635 \u06f8 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 108 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0645 46 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647 2000 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 52 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 119 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0661\u0669\u0665\u0669 \u060c \u0635 \u0665\u0663 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a , \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a , \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f , 2005 , \u0635 40 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u063514 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0639\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 204 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 119 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0647 2) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 116 ) \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( 114 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0647 2 ) \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 , \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 , 2007 , \u0635 39 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a , \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a , \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 , \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 , \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 , \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , 2006 \u0645 , \u0635 110 . \u0648\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (112 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0668\u0664 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0661\u0661\u0665) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 214 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-12768-footnote-40\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635 109 \u2013 111 . <a href=\"#post-12768-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12768","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12768"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12768\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12769,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12768\/revisions\/12769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}