{"id":11719,"date":"2024-11-04T11:28:50","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T11:28:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=11719"},"modified":"2024-11-04T11:29:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T11:29:20","slug":"5-11-25","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/5-11-25\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Use of Microwave technology to prepare some organic compounds <\/strong>(Review Study<\/strong>)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Mariam Abdul-bary^{1<\/sup>, Jenan Al Ameri^{2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDepartment of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Email: mariam.ouraiby@uobasrah.edu.iq<\/p>\n\n\n\n
^{2<\/sup>Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq<\/p>\n\n\n\n}
Email: jenan.mohamed@uobasrah.edu.iq<\/p>\n\n\n\n
HNSJ, 2024, 5(11); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj511\/25<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Published at 01\/11\/2024 Accepted at 05\/10\/2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \n \t \n
Citation Methods<\/h5> \t\t\n<\/textarea> \n<style>\n#citationtitle {\nfont-family:verdana;\n}\n#value {\nfloat: left;\nfont-family:adobe arabic;\n background-color:#FFF;\n width:700px;\nheight:70px;\n}\n#language{\nfloat: left;\ntype:text;\n}\n<\/style>\n \t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> \n \t\t\tfunction update() { \n \t\t\t\tvar select = document.getElementById('language'); \n \t\t\t\tvar option = select.options[select.selectedIndex]; \n \t\t\t\tdocument.getElementById('value').value = option.value; \n \t\t\t} \n \t\t\tupdate(); \n \t\t<\/script> \n \t<\/body> <br><br><br>\n <\/html> \n\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Microwave technology has been introduced as a new technology applied within the scientific research arena, especially in the preparation of organic compounds. A high and pure percentage of product can be obtained via the use of such technology as well as such technology shortens the time of reaction and preparation compared with the old method used formerly in organic preparation the microwave-assisted synthesis process has revolutionized the world of chemical synthesis. This paper was prepared to discuss the various applications used to synthesize microwave-assisted organic compounds with more accuracy and focus on speed and scalability sides. Such a view becomes quite clear and obvious through this introduction regardless of the types of organic materials. Microwave-assisted synthesis provides a clean synthesis associated with enhanced reaction rates, higher selectivity and more economy to synthesize a large number of organic molecules, especially upon the application of microwave-assisted chemistry in place of the classical heating method. This paper introduces a brief of the reactions conducted with the use of microwave radiation. Such operations led to the use of catalyst\u2013free or less catalyst reactions and smoothly recyclable solvents which are quite higher than the traditional method. By using such a method, we could economize the use of materials and equipment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Key Words: <\/strong>Microwave, Organic Organs, Reaction Time.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A microwave oven is an electric device used in the heating of various types of food and such type of oven is unlike other common ovens since such microwave oven generates radiations called microwave used to heat food and it is called minor wave, infinitesimal wave or microwave. Minor waves or Microwaves are radiation or electromagnetic waves with a relatively short wavelength. Microwave technology was invented shortly before the Second World War. Microwaves have been used in the food industry since 1970. In the \u201980s of the last century, research covering lab and industrial fields emerged and the first reaction of organic synthesis was published in 1986 (1). The tools used to manage such purposes had certain safety standards in order to use magnetic radiation. Microwave technology was basically used in chemical labs to synthesize and isolate natural materials and this method has substituted the classical extraction method using Soxhlet Extractor which requires quite a long time and huge quantities of solvents. One of the virtues of this method is the high temperature of solvent used in the extraction process because of pressure (2) that microwave radiation is deemed as one of the most significant practical and effective methods used in organic synthesis where the activity of many chemical reactions gets increased. Such technology has recently attracted the attention of researchers. In 1999, more than (40) researches were published and they covered many subjects including the effects of (3)microwave radiation on various aspects of Chemistry such as the reaction at superheating, interior non-thermal reactions and recombination reactions via free radicals. Moreover, the use of microwave radiation in the field of organic chemistry has presently occupied an increased attention which is considered one of the new methods used to increase the effect of chemical reactions. (4)(5)(6)(7)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Microwave Operation(8)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This device is operated by exposing food to a magnetic microwave where such microwaves penetrate foods and make water molecules and the molecules of other materials that exist in such foods to move after such molecules are exposed to microwaves, they start moving, vibrating, fractioning and crashing each other. Such status allows for such molecules to have temperature and energy and they get heated.(9)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The source of radiation of the microwave oven is the Maghetron tube which transfers electrical current to electromagnetic waves whose frequency is 2450 MHZ in most ovens. The frequency of the electrical current transferred through the said tube is 50 or 60 Hz. As to chemical reactions, most of the pioneering experiences of chemical composition were conducted with the use of microwaves conducted in local microwave ovens.(10) Yet, the developments of microwave equipment technology helped researchers to use a device used particularly for organic reactions.(11)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This article focuses on the major advances made in organic synthesis by using Microwave-assisted reactions with reactants clean and under solvent-free conditions. It also highlights the general characteristics of microwave applications in organic synthesis and shows that reactions under microwaves are fast, with an increase in production quantity and better selectivity.(12)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are two types of such devices, they are: (13)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1 \u2013 Single-Mode Microwave. <\/strong>(14)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Single-Mode Microwave is recognized by its capability of creating a constant wave which is brought up via an interference in spheres. Such interference generates a group of nodes where the microwave energy density is zero and another group whose microwave energy density is at its maximum levels. The factor that controls the design of such device is the distance from the sample to the magnet and such distance should be sufficient enough to place the sample properly at the maximum energy levels of the constant electromagnetic wave model.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2-Multi \u2013 Mode Microwave. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of the basic features of this device is the intentional avoidance to generate an in\u2013run constant wave model. The goal behind this is to generate the maximum level of jamming and chaos in the device. The more chaos is generated and radiation dispersion is magnified, the zone space due to the increase in the active warming in the device shall be likewise increased. (8)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1 \u2013types organic reactions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">assisted organic reactions are widely classified into two classes: organic reactions using solvents and reactions under solvent\u2013free conditions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A – Organic Reactions Using Solvents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the case of M.W\u2013assisted reactions using (organic) solvents, reacting materials usually dissolve in the solvent which often actively associates with microwave ovens and thus it acts as an energy transmission medium. The use of water medium for reaction No. ( 15), where a minimum of 100 <sup>C<\/sup> temperature is used for compounds (16) aiming to make use of the hydrophobic characteristic that water relative static permittivity is 78 at 25<sup>o<\/sup> temperature and it gets down to 20 at 300<sup>o<\/sup> (17). Such value is converging for the purpose of comparison with the value of solvents use Acetone and then water can act as a safe possible environmental substitute of organic solvents as well as other environmental benefits that can be obtained out of the use of water instead of organic solvents. Below are some examples of reactions conducted with the use of solvents (18).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1 \u2013 Hydrolysis<\/strong> (19)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">If C6H5CH2CL is dissolved in water in a microwave oven, water dissolution generates 97% of Benzyl Alcohol within 3 minutes while the regular water dissolution made by using the common method requires 35 minutes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-11721\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-1.png 736w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-1-300x42.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-1-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (1)<\/strong> Shows the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride using microwave radiation to form benzyl alcohol.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Benzamide regular water dissolution requires an hour but under microwave conditions, such water dissolution requires no more than 7 minutes to complete and generates 99% of Benzoic acid (20)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"105\" class=\"wp-image-11723\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-2.png 852w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-2-300x37.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-2-768x95.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-2-18x2.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (2)<\/strong> Shows the hydrolysis of benzamide by microwave radiation to form benzoic acid.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2 \u2013 N \u2013 Acylations<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">N-Acylations were conducted with the use of secondary amines and Isocyanates in CH2Cl2 under microwave radiation (8-10) minutes and a production yield of 94%. (4)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"865\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-11724\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-3.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-3.png 865w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-3-300x51.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-3-768x131.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-3-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 865px) 100vw, 865px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (3)<\/strong> Shows the reaction of the amine with the isocyanate under microwave irradiation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3 \u2013 Cycloaddition<\/strong> (21)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Diplor Cycloaddition \u2013 1,3 was prepared by reacting azid with amid in Toluene (C6H5-CH3) at 120 W and 25<sup>o<\/sup> for one hour. The yield product was around 70-80%.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"865\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-11726\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-4.png 865w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-4-300x65.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-4-768x165.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-4-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 865px) 100vw, 865px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (4)<\/strong> Shows the reaction of the amide with azide to form heterocyclic compounds.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Diels-Alder reaction generated a yield production of 58-78%<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"849\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-11727\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-5.png 849w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-5-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-5-768x235.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-5-18x6.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (5)<\/strong> Represents the Diels-Alder reaction.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4 \u2013 Oxidation<\/strong> (22)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Toluene Oxidation with KMnO4 under regular reaction conditions lasts for 10-12 hours compared with such reaction conducted under microwave conditions lasts only for 5 minutes with a yield production of 40%.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"849\" height=\"182\" class=\"wp-image-11728\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-6.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-6.png 849w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-6-300x64.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-6-768x165.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-6-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (6)<\/strong> represents the oxidation of coloring with kMno4 using microwave radiation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"841\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-11729\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-7.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-7.png 841w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-7-300x50.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-7-768x128.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-7-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 841px) 100vw, 841px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (7)<\/strong> Represents the oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acid.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5 \u2013 Esterification<\/strong> (23)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prepare propylbenzoate from reacting Benzoic acid with n-propanol which shall be heated in a M.W oven for 6 minutes with the use of concentrated H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> as a catalyst.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"835\" height=\"112\" class=\"wp-image-11730\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-8.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-8.png 835w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-8-300x40.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-8-768x103.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-8-18x2.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (8)<\/strong> Shows the reaction of benzoic acid with propanol alcohol.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6- Decarboxylation<\/strong> (24)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The common Decarboxylation process of Carboxylic acids includes the regression of Quinoline with the availability of Copper Chromate (CuCrO<sub>4 <\/sub>). Only a few products are produced out of such a common Decarboxylation process but with the use of Microwave, the Decarboxylation process shall be conducted with a shorter time compared with the common one.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"865\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-11731\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-9.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-9.png 865w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-9-300x53.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-9-768x137.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-9-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 865px) 100vw, 865px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (9)<\/strong> Represents the removal of the carboxyl group of an amino acid using a microwave.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>7 \u2013 R \u2013 Alkylation<\/strong> (25)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">R \u2013 Alkylation under microwave radiation with the use of Potassium Carbonate and TBACI generate a product of 65-88%.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"113\" class=\"wp-image-11732\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-10.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-10.png 710w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-10-300x48.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-10-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (10)<\/strong> Represents R-Alkylation using sodium carbonate and TBACI<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>8 – Schiff\u2019s bases<\/strong> (26)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">CO – Amides (R-CO-NH-R) were prepared for Trimethoprim by reacting it with C<sub>8<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> and C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> using the common method and the microwave technology with the use of CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH as a solvent. Amides (R-CO-NH-R) for Trimethoprim were transferred into Schiff\u2019s bases through a condensation process in which such Amides (R-CO-NH-R) were reacted with Aldehydes and ketones by using the common method and microwave technology and DMF as a solvent. By using the common method, the reaction lasted for (1-3) hours and 95<sup>o<\/sup>-100<strong><sup>o<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-11733\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-11.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-11.png 761w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-11-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-11-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure (11) Shows the preparation of trimethoprim monoamide substitutes with maleic anhydride<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"816\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-11734\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-12.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-12.png 816w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-12-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-12-768x173.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-12-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 816px) 100vw, 816px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure No. (12): Preparation of trimethoprim monoamide substitutes with phthalic anhydride.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"838\" height=\"196\" class=\"wp-image-11735\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-13.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-13.png 838w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-13-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-13-768x180.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-13-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (13)<\/strong> Shows the preparation of Schiff bases from the reaction of monoimides of trimethoprim with aldehyde.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B \u2013Reaction without the use of solvents<\/strong> (27)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Due to environmental fears and concerns, there has been a growing demand for the satisfaction of solvent\u2013free synthesis processes and reactions. Some old and new approaches are used to reduce the pollution resulting from chemical activities. Therefore, Microwave apparatus has become an important energy source in many lab procedures. Moreover, Reaction without the use of solvents in organic synthesis has been developed as an environmentally friendly process because it includes both selectivity and the invention of a clean environment-based process.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1 \u2013 Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitutions<\/strong> (2,1)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">was prepared by the reaction made between Sodium Phenoxide and Trichlorotriazine 1,3,5 under microwave radiation for (6) minutes with a yield product of 85-90%<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"118\" class=\"wp-image-11736\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-14.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-14.png 812w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-14-300x44.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-14-768x112.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-14-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (14)<\/strong> Represents the substitution reaction with halogens<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2 \u2013 Deacetylation<\/strong> (12)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aldehydes, Phenols , alcoholates are protected by acetylation. Deacetylation made under acidic conditions requires long time and yields little product but the use of M.W radiation shortens the time required for Deacetylation and the yield product would be remarkably sufficient.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"871\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-11737\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-15.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-15.png 871w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-15-300x61.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-15-768x155.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-15-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 871px) 100vw, 871px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (15)<\/strong> Represents deacetylation under acidic conditions by microwave irradiation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3 \u2013 Preparation of Polyesters<\/strong> (28)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Polyesters were prepared by exposing solid Carboxylic organic acids (Glycolic acid, Mandelic acid and Benzylic acid) to microwave radiation with 900 W for (2-3) minutes. Such reaction led to the displacement of a water molecule from such acids and the turned to free radicals then to an ester then to polyester.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"661\" height=\"608\" class=\"wp-image-11738\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-16.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-16.png 661w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-16-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-16-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (16)<\/strong> Shows reaction of glycolic acid to configure polyester.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"686\" height=\"595\" class=\"wp-image-11739\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-17.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-17.png 686w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-17-300x260.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-17-14x12.png 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (17)<\/strong> Shows the reaction of mandelic acid using microwave radiation to form polyester.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"750\" class=\"wp-image-11740\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-18.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-18.png 720w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-18-288x300.png 288w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-18-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (18)<\/strong> Shows the effect of microwave radiation on some carboxylic acids containing a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">hydroxyl group.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>C \u2013 M.W-Assisted Reactions Using Solid Liquid Phase <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The catalyzing of the solid-liquid phase – transfer is described as an active method used to synthesize organic materials. Such a method is assigned to anionic reactions and it also comprises the anionic activation A catalyzing quantity of tetralkylammonium salt or ion. Equal quantities of a complex factor are added to the mixture for each pure reaction. Such reactions occur in the organic liquid phase.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1) O \u2013 Alkylation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ethereal compounds were prepared from \u00df- naphthol by using benzyl bromide and methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate-butyl 1-3 under microwave radiation for (6-12) minutes with a yield production of 75-90%. (18)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-11741\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-19.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-19.png 828w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-19-300x65.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-19-768x166.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-19-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (19)<\/strong> Represents the preparation of ether compounds from \u03b2-naphthol using benzyl bromide with methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate –butyl-3-1 under microwave radiation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2)N \u2013 Alkylation. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under microwave radiation and with the use of phase-transfer catalysts, N-alkylations occupy a significant space within nonorganic chemistry. Bogdal et al could synthesize N-alkyl phthalimide by using TABA, Phthalimide, Alkyl Halides and Potassium Carbonate. The production yielded a percentage of 45-98%. (29)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-11742\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-20.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-20.png 752w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-20-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-20-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (20)<\/strong> Represents the synthesis of N-alkyl phthalimide using Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> with TBAB under microwave radiation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3 \u2013 Oxidations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This method included the oxidation of di alcoholates into Acetone by using PCC, dichloromethane, and tetrabutylammonium bromide. The reaction lasted for (6-8) minutes and the yielded production was around (70-905%). Moreover, Benzyl alcohol was oxidized under microwave radiation for (1-8) minutes to Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) and (70-92%) of the product was obtained. (5)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"259\" class=\"wp-image-11743\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-21.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-21.png 696w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-21-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-21-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. (21)<\/strong> Represents the oxidation of secondary alcohols to a ketone and the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4 \u2013 Knoevenagel Condensation<\/strong> (30)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">is a common organic reaction and is applied to synthesize unsaturated acids used in perfumes, Flavonoids and the composition of heterogeneous compounds. Gupta and Wakhloo studied the condensation of Knoevenagel between Carbonyl and Methylene compounds such as Malonic acid. Such condensation process was made with the use of TBAB, Br and K<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> in H2O. Unsaturated acids were produced with a proper purity and yielded production.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"731\" height=\"152\" class=\"wp-image-11744\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-22.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-22.png 731w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-22-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/word-image-11719-22-18x4.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure No. (22) Shows the synthesis of unsaturated carboxylic acids from the reaction of the carbonyl compound with the methylene compound, such as malonic acid.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">5- Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine (32)(33)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"310\" class=\"wp-image-11745\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/an-external-file-that-holds-a-picture-illustratio.jpeg\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is ijms-24-10722-sch029.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/an-external-file-that-holds-a-picture-illustratio.jpeg 740w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/an-external-file-that-holds-a-picture-illustratio-300x126.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/an-external-file-that-holds-a-picture-illustratio-18x8.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure(23)Synthesis of the benzo[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10341901\/#B4-ijms-24-10722\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10341901\/#B5-ijms-24-10722\">5<\/a>]-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u2013 Applications <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1 \u2013 Application in material Chemistry <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">has been used to synthesize solid nonorganic materials with highly effective and instrumental technology. As to Material Chemistry, Microwave was used to produce ceramic. Ayappa et al (34) conducted a study by placing coal powder in a silica-made crucible which was exposed to microwave radiation for (4-10) minutes inside a M.W oven operated at 2,45 GHz. A significant quantity of SiC was obtained which is widely used in industries such as the manufacturing of grinding wheels and skimming equipment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2 \u2013 Preparation of catalyst under microwave irradiation <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A high permeability membrane of NaA zelotie YB<sub>2<\/sub> Cu<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>7-x <\/sub>(35) was prepared by reacting Alominates with Na<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>Si in proportions a molarity percentage in an oven operated with 2450 MHz for (15) minutes. The Zeolite membrane which was synthesized by microwave heating appeared to be four times higher than the one synthesized by traditional heating.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3 \u2013 Medicinal Application <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Microwave radiation has been recently subject to a wide range of studies and researches to indicate its effect on biological systems. Rany(51) studied the effect of microwave radiation on blood protein albumin and gluten protein. Many other researches have been conducted (36) (37) to prepare polymer (Lactic acid \u2013 glycolic acid) and to study its physical characteristics and their biological effects due to its various medical usages and medicine development. Such microwave radiation is used in(38)<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Testing medicine formulas synthesized out of organic compounds.<\/li>\n<li>The composition of long chains of peptides.<\/li>\n<li>Magnifying DNA to facilitate its usage in disease analysis (39).<\/li>\n<li>The synthesis of radiative pharmaceutical treatments including short half-life isotopes through the catalyzing via the use of Microwave energy. (40)<\/li>\n<li>The synthesis of Nanomaterials.<\/li>\n<li>Free-solvent reactions. (41)<\/li>\n<li>The synthesis of isotopes.<\/li>\n<li>The composition of Polymer chains.(42)<\/li>\n<li>Peptides composition. (43)<\/li>\n<li>Medical and green chemistry ( 44)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Conclusions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Microwaves represent an alternative energy source for chemical reactions and processes. Through dielectric heating, reaction mixtures are heated homogeneously without contact with walls. Reaction times are significantly reduced compared to conventionally heated systems (heat) while maintaining acceptable percentage yield and selectivity. A minor drawback is that chemical reactions and processes in the microwave field are more dependent on the tools and materials used than in the case of heat heating.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">1- Seijas, JA. Vazquez-Tato, MP . Martinez, MM. Corredoira, GN.(1999) J. Chem. Res.(S); 1999; 420-42<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ganzler,K. Szinai,I. Salg\u00f3,A .<strong>( <\/strong>1990) J. 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Select 2020, 5, 5180.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Use of Microwave technology to prepare some organic compounds (Review Study) Mariam Abdul-bary1, Jenan Al Ameri2 Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq Email: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11719","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11719","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11719"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11719\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11747,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11719\/revisions\/11747"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}}}