{"id":10158,"date":"2024-06-01T06:07:36","date_gmt":"2024-06-01T06:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=10158"},"modified":"2024-06-01T06:07:42","modified_gmt":"2024-06-01T06:07:42","slug":"5-6-11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/en\/5-6-11\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a1<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n

1<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a:Ola.kalosi@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(6); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj56\/11<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/06\/2024\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 18\/05\/2024\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

Foundations and Standards for Developing an Arabic Language Curriculum for Speakers of Other Languages<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ola Khalousi1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Academic Researcher in Arabic Language Education<\/p>\n

Email: Ola.kalosi@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(6); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj56\/11<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/06\/2024 Accepted at 18\/05\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

Second Languages Teaching is one of the most important fields of Educational Research. Theories of language acquisition are continually evolving, and studies are being conducted on the best methods to achieve linguistic competence in learners. Teaching Arabic language to speakers of other languages aims to keep pace with developments in this field. Therefore, experts in Arabic language teaching are developing modern curricula that strive to consider the educational, psychological, social, and linguistic foundations upon which these curricula should be based.<\/p>\n

This research aims to describe the foundations of preparing educational textbooks, explain their principles, and define the standards that should be adhered to in order to achieve curriculum quality and contribute to its educational objectives. This is done considering the characteristics of the Arabic language and its distinctions from other languages. The research concludes by enumerating the foundations and standards of a good Arabic language textbook and recommends conducting evaluations of Arabic language textbooks to determine the extent to which they adhere to these foundations and standards.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Curriculum, Teaching Speakers of Other Languages, Language Skills, Content, Evaluation<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u062d \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 (2012) \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c.<\/li>\n
  2. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. (\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u060c 2006)<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. (\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632\u060c 2012)<\/p>\n

    \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c 2018)<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629 (1986) \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628.<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a\u060c 2004)<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647<\/h4>\n

    \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 (2004) \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c: \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
    2. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642: \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a\u0652 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n
    3. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n
    4. \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630: \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/li>\n
    5. \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645: \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0636\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629 (1986) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0650\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n

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        \n
      1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0647\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n