{"id":9797,"date":"2024-05-01T06:04:49","date_gmt":"2024-05-01T06:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=9797"},"modified":"2024-05-01T06:04:53","modified_gmt":"2024-05-01T06:04:53","slug":"5-5-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-5-2\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f “\u063a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06361<\/sup><\/strong><\/h4>\n

1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628). \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: boulbaroudttt@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(5); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj55\/2<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/05\/2024\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 08\/04\/2024\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

The scientific mind according to Gaston Bachelard between psychological realism and the bet on objectivity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abdelhadi Boulbaroud1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Doctoral Research Student Under the Supervision of Dr. Mohamed Aballagh, at Ibn Tofail University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences – Kenitra (Morocco).<\/p>\n

Email: boulbaroudttt@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(5); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj55\/2<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/05\/2024 Accepted at 08\/04\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

The research aims to study the historical and psychological dimension of the scientific mind according to Bachelardian pedagogy. It presents the dilemma of the objective construction of knowledge in the midst of the psychological motivation of the scientific mind, and attempts to analyze the process of the formation of scientific ideas and examine its subjective and objective conditions. It is a renewed problem, given the instability of the relationship between subject and object, as well as the development of nature and man together. This issue is addressed by first looking at the structure of the scientific mind as an act and not as a reality, because it is not completely separated from the conditions that establish it and which present to us the mind in the image of the world. Looking at it in a specific period in the history of science and in its continuous endeavor to build itself; The need for tools for rational, experimental measurement of science was necessary to bet on the victory of scientific reason. But science seems not to be based on systematic measurement techniques alone, but rather has a psychological origin that is difficult to escape from. Whereas every scientific structure has a legacy of visions about reality that seep into its structure without the will of the actors. Therefore, the contents of this paper are directed towards studying the psychology of the scientific mind, through the epistemological practice of Gaston Bachelard on the scientific phenomenon. Among the results of the research is that objectivity was put to the test due to the bias that is supposed to affect the scientific mind based on some realism, and its collision with complex psychological and epistemological structures.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>scientific mind, psychological realism, objectivity, Gaston Bachelard, the subconscious.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    \n
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    \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1993.<\/p>\n

    2. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642: \u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646- \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c 2004.<\/p>\n

    3. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a- \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1982.<\/p>\n

    4. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1987.<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1. Denis Anne-Marie. Psychanalyse de la raison chez Gaston Bachelard. In: Revue Philosophique de Louvain. Troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie, tome 61, n\u00b072, 1963.<\/p>\n

    2. Gaston Bachelard, L\u2019activit\u00e9 rationaliste de la physique contemporaine, Paris, Les Presses universitaires de France, deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9dition, 1965.<\/p>\n

    3. Gaston Bachelard, L\u2019engagement Rationaliste, Pr\u00e9face de Georges Canguilem, Paris, Les Presses universitaires de France, 1er \u00e9dition, 1972.<\/p>\n

    4. Gaston Bachelard, La formation de L\u2019esprit Scientifique, Paris; Librairie philosophique J. VRIN, 5e \u00e9dition,1967.<\/p>\n

    5. Julien Lamy, P\u00e9dagogie de la raison, psychanalyse de la connaissance, et culture scientifique chez Gaston Bachelard, Institut de Recherches Philosophiques de Lyon \u2013 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 3, 2009.<\/p>\n

    6. Laurent Fedi, La psychologie de l\u2019esprit scientifique chez Bachelard et ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs,Ruvue dhistoire des science 2017 (tome 70), Pages 175 \u00e0 216, Editions, Armand Colin.<\/p>\n

    7. Sigmund Freud, Le moi et le \u00e7a, Une \u00e9dition num\u00e9riques r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de l\u2019essai \u201c Le moi et le \u00e7a \u201d publi\u00e9 dans l\u2019ouvrage Essais de psychanalyse. Traduction de l\u2019Allemand par le Dr. S. Jank\u00e9l\u00e9vitch en 1920, revue par l\u2019auteur. R\u00e9impression : Paris : \u00c9ditions Payot, 1968.<\/p>\n

    8. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Second Edition, 1970, by The University of Chicago.<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Jean Piaget (1980-1896)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642: \u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646- \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c 2004\u060c \u0635\u060c 7-9. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635\u060c 35-36. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    4. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Second Edition, 1970, by The University of Chicago, p, 66. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    5. Ilya Prigogine (2023-1917) \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1977\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647: “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f” \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a”. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    6. Gaston Bachelard, L\u2019engagement Rationaliste, Pr\u00e9face de Georges Canguilem, Paris, Les Presses universitaires de France, 1er \u00e9dition, 1972, pp 28. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    7. \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u063a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    8. \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a (1947-1859) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633. \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062c \u062f\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646” “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629”. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    9. Laurent Fedi, La psychologie de l\u2019esprit scientifique chez Bachelard et ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs,Ruvue dhistoire des science 2017 (tome 70), Pages 175 \u00e0 216, Editions, Armand Colin, pp, 183-184. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    10. Lucien L\u00e9vy-Bruhl (1857 \u2013 1939) \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647: “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629”. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    11. Ibid, p, 187-188. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    12. Louis G\u00e9rard-Varet 1860-1944))\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: ” \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a”. \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0646.\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0646. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    13. Ibid, pp, 188-190. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    14. Gaston Bachelard, L\u2019activit\u00e9 rationaliste de la physique contemporaine, Paris, Les Presses universitaires de France, deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9dition, 1965, p. – 1617. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    15. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1987 \u0635\u060c 86. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    16. “\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0638 Obstacle \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a Obstaculum\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u0651”. <\/strong>(\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a- \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635 39.) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    17. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1993\u060c \u0635\u060c 164. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    18. Gaston Bachelard, La formation de L\u2019esprit Scientifique, op, cit, p. 61. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    19. Julien Lamy, P\u00e9dagogie de la raison, psychanalyse de la connaissance, et culture scientifique chez Gaston Bachelard, Institut de Recherches Philosophiques de Lyon \u2013 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 3, 2009, pp, 01. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    20. Denis Anne-Marie. Psychanalyse de la raison chez Gaston Bachelard. In: Revue Philosophique de Louvain. Troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie, tome 61, n\u00b072, 1963. pp. (644 \u00e0 663), pp, 644-645. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    21. Ibid, pp, 445-446. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    22. Sigmund Freud, Le moi et le \u00e7a, Une \u00e9dition num\u00e9riques r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de l\u2019essai \u201c Le moi et le \u00e7a \u201d publi\u00e9 dans l\u2019ouvrage Essais de psychanalyse. Traduction de l\u2019Allemand par le Dr. S. Jank\u00e9l\u00e9vitch en 1920, revue par l\u2019auteur. R\u00e9impression : Paris : \u00c9ditions Payot, 1968, P. 8-14. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    23. Gaston Bachelard, La formation de L\u2019esprit Scientifique, op, cit, pp. 235. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    24. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 251-252. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    25. Denis Anne-Marie. Psychanalyse de la raison chez Gaston Bachelard. op, cit,, pp, 646-647. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    26. Caston Bachelard, La formation de L\u2019esprit Scientifique, op, cit, pp. 207. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    27. Ibid, p. 08. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    28. \n

      Gaston Bachelard, L\u2019activit\u00e9 Rationaliste de la Physique Contemporaine, Paris, Les Presses universitaires de France, deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9dition, 1965, p. – 1617. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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