{"id":9169,"date":"2024-02-02T09:31:12","date_gmt":"2024-02-02T09:31:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=9169"},"modified":"2024-02-03T11:10:34","modified_gmt":"2024-02-03T11:10:34","slug":"5-2-12","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-2-12\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u00b9\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0629\u00b2\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u00b9\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u00b9\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u00b9<\/strong><\/p>\n

1 <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.\n2<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.\n\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: mukhtaralsayd@gmail.com\nHNSJ, 2024, 5(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj52\/12\n\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/02\/2024\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 15\/01\/2024\u0645<\/pre>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0646\u0643\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n
<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n
Bread Staling: Definition, Causation and prevention<\/strong><\/p>\n
 Hassan Ibrihum Eltaib\u00b9, Muna Abdulsalam llowafa\u00b2 , Issa Mohammed Mansoo\u00b9, Mukhtar Mahmoud Alsayid\u00b9 Mohammed Mukhtar Abdusadiq1<\/strong><\/p>\n
 \u00b9 Libyan biotechnology research center, \u00b2Faculty of food science University of Wadi Alshaty<\/strong><\/p>\n
E:hassaneltybe993@gmail.com Or E: MUKHTARALSAYD@gmail.com<\/p>\n
HNSJ, 2024, 5(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj52\/12<\/p>\n
Published at 01\/02\/2024 Accepted at 15\/01\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n
Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n
Bread is a food with a short shelf life, as a result of several physical and chemical changes that cause it to lose its distinctive flavour, hard crust, and dry out and crumbles. These changes that appear during storage are called bread staling. This phenomenon is caused by With the decrease in consumer acceptance of bread, the study of this phenomenon by researchers is considered very important, as its causes are due to the decline of both amylose and amylopectin, the movement of moisture in the bread, and the interactions that occur between protein and starch. Bread staling.is considered a complex process that works with multiple mechanisms that have not been clearly clarified yet. Identifying the main reasons for this makes it easier to treat or delay the occurrence of this phenomenon. One of the practical methods used to delay or reduce the occurrence of staling is treatment with enzymes, as well as the addition of water-binding substances such as fibers, especially soluble ones, and emulsifiers. Bread is considered the master of the table and the daily food for the consumer in Libya and many countries of the world, it causes a huge loss in the economy. This study aims to shed light on the discussion of the main reasons for its occurrence, which include the decline of starch components, the interaction of starch with protein, and the mobility of water in bread.<\/p>\n
Key Words: <\/strong>Bread staling ,Starch retrogradation, Moisture movement, Crust staling , Crumb staling<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a (Cauvain et al., 2015)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 (Arp et al., 2020)\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Aguirre et al., 2011) \u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Gray and Bemiller, 2003). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 (Chen et al., 2021b)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0646\u0643\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 (Fadda et al., 2014)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 (Chen et al., 2021b, Hug-Iten et al., 2003)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 (O-H) \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 (Gray and Bemiller, 2003).<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Chen et al., 2021a)\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Choi et al., 2008)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 (\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627Hug-Iten et al., 2003; Le-Bail et al., 2009 ). \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632 (Zeeb et al., 2017)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u063a \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (Xu et al., 2021; Sharma and Gujral, 2013)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Orthoefer and Kim, 2019)\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Hoseney and Seib,1978)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 (1976 Morrison,)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1).<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 )1(: \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631.<\/td>\n\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u060c\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u060c\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/td>\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
(Atwell etal,1988)<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Heenan et al., 2009)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 (Heenan et al., 2009)\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0632\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647. \u200f\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Lallemand, 2018).<\/p>\n
\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 (Lin and Lineback, 1990)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Newbold, 1976)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Morsy,2012)\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 ( Mage, 1975)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u060c (Kulp and Ponte 1981; Zobel and Kulp,1996; Knightly.1977)\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
(Morsy,2012)<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Gray and Bemiller, 2003) \u060c\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f (Dragsdorf and Varriano-marston,1980) \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (NMR) (Vodovotz et al.,2002)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 50\u02da\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0632\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Knightly, 1977)\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f (Gray and Bemiller, 2003).\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 Calorimetry (Russell,1983)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 (Hoseney and Miller, (1998 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 100\u02da\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0643\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 60\u02da\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Chinachoti et al., 2000) \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 (Vodovotz et al., 2002).<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632(Hoseney et al., 1978)\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 (kim and D’APPolonla,1977) \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Inagaki and Seib,1992)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f 6 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0632\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0630\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 (Knightly,1977)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062d\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627, \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Hug-lten et al.,1999)\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a 40-150\u02da\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 40-50\u02da\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 (kim and D’Appolonin, 1977).<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Kim and D;Appolonin,1977)\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Kulp and ponte,1981)\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 (Gray and Bemiller, 2003)\u060c<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 ,\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Kim and D’Appolonia,1977)\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 (Leon et al., 1997,Gerrard et al., 2001)\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 85% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 (Every et al., 1998)\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 (Kulp and ponte, 1981)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d (Martin et al., 1991 ) \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062b\u062a.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (Biliadeni’s and Izydorczyk 1995)\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 9% \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 , \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 (Denli and Ercan, 2001)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 (Krishnara and Hoseney, 1994).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ( Hoseny et al., 1971; Michniewicz et al., 1992)\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 Kim and Dappolonia, 1977)) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 .<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 -1 \u0627\u0644\u0649 10\u02da\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 (32 \u0627\u0644\u064a 43\u02da\u0645)\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Malkki et al., 1978 )\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Slade and Levin, 1987; Marsh and Blanshard, 1988)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 70% \u0639\u0646\u062f 5- \u0645\u02da\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f 60\u02da\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f 5 \u02da\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 50% \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 4 \u02da\u0645 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0629) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0632\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (Gray and Bemiller, 2003).<\/p>\n
\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a38% \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (Kulp and ponte ,1981)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 (Rogers et al., 1988; He and Hoseney, 1990) \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0642\u0627\u0645 (Schiraldi and Fessas, 2001) \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 (Fesses,2001; Piazza and Masi,1995 ).<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 (Piazza and Masi, 1995)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 (Stear,1990)\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (Baik and chinachoti, 2000) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 Gray and Bemiller,2003))\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0649 (Kim-shin et al. 1991). \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (1:6) \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 Gray and Bemiller,2003) ).<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (Levine and Slde,1990) \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 Russell., 1987) ) \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a (Slade and Levine.,1991)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632.<\/p>\n
\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 (Kulp and Ponte.,1981)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 (Giovanell et al.,1997)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u060c(Gray and Bemiller, 2003)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 100\u02da\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632(Giovanelli et al.,1997)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646, \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 (Gray and Bemiller., 2003).<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0632 etal.,2021) (Alpers\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a (Karim et al., 2000)\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 (Copeland et al., 2009) .\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u062e \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 (Hoover et al., 2010).<\/p>\n
\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Hoover., 2001) \u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064640 \u0625\u0644\u0649 70\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Jane and Robyt., 1985) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 et al., 2021) (Alpers\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (Bosmans et al., 2013) \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a et al., 2021) (Alpers\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a Ambigaipalan et al.,) 2013; Xie et al., 2014).\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u062c\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (Tang and Copeland., 2007) \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Tang and Copeland., 2007).<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d (65-70 \u00b0\u0645) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a(Amylases)\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627(Hammer., 1995).<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 (Hug-Iten et al., 2003)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 26% \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627.(Hug-Iten et al., 2003)<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0632\u060c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0632\u060c \u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 – \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 Martin and Hoseney., 1991)).<\/p>\n
\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 -Amylase \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632(Goesaert et al., 2009; Putseys etal., 2019) \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 (Butt et al., 2008; Courtin & Delcour, 2002) \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Gujral et al., 2003).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 (Matsushita et al., 2020).<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 120 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 60.3%\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 57.9% \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 100 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d\u060c \u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Butt et al., 2008;Baran and Yurdug\u00fcl, 2020).<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0632) \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 (Wang et al., 2015)\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0646 (BeMiller, 2011).<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 (Kurek et al., 2015)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Banchathanakij and Suphantharika, 2009)\u060c \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 15% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Barros et al., 2018).<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 2.5% \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Tebben et al., 2020).<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 (Putseys et al., 2010)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 (Copeland et al., 2009)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 (Becker et al., 2001).<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 sodium dodecyl sulfate, acetyltrimethylammonium bromide \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0643 Gujral et al., 2003;) (Seyhun et al., 2003; Fadda et al., 2014 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a (Stampfli and Nersten, 1995)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 (2003Collar,) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 Rapid Visco Analyzer\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a(Ju et al., 2020) \u060c\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 .(Ju et al., 2020)<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0629, \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627,\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n
Aguirre, J. F., Osella, C. A., Carrara, C. R., S\u00b4 anchez, H. D., & Buera, M. D. P. (2011). Effect of storage temperature on starch retrogradation of bread staling. Starch\/Staerke, 63 (9), 587\u2013593.<\/p>\n
Alpers, T., Kerpes, R., Frioli, M., Nobis, A., Hoi, K. I., Bach, A., & Becker, T. (2021). Impact of storing condition on staling and microbial spoilage behavior of bread and their contribution to prevent food waste.\u00a0Foods,\u00a010(1), 76.\u200f<\/p>\n
Ambigaipalan, P., Hoover, R., Donner, E., & Liu, Q. (2013). Retrogradation characteristics of pulse starches.\u00a0Food Research International,\u00a054(1), 203-212.\u200f<\/p>\n
Arp, C. G., Correa, M. J., & Ferrero, C. (2020). Kinetic study of staling in breads with high-amylose resistant starch.\u00a0Food hydrocolloids,\u00a0106, 105879.\u200f<\/p>\n
Banchathanakij, R., & Suphantharika, M. (2009). Effect of different \u03b2-glucans on the gelatinisation and retrogradation of rice starch.\u00a0Food chemistry,\u00a0114(1), 5-14.<\/p>\n
Baran, B., & Yurdug\u00fcl, S. (2020). The Role of Thermostable Xylanase Enzymes in Bread Making.\u00a0International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Science Research.,\u00a04(4), 130-140.<\/p>\n
Barros, J. H., Telis, V. R., Taboga, S., & Franco, C. M. (2018). Resistant starch: effect on rheology, quality, and staling rate of white wheat bread.\u00a0Journal of food science and technology,\u00a055, 4578-4588.\u200f<\/p>\n
Becker, A., Hill, S. E., & Mitchell, J. R. (2001). Relevance of amylose and lipid complexes to the behaviour of thermally processed starches.\u00a0Starch\u2010St\u00e4rke,\u00a053(3\u20104), 121-130.\u200f<\/p>\n
Bechtel, D.B., Pomeranz, Y., de Franxisco, A. (1978). Breadmaking studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Cereal Chemistry, 31:182.<\/p>\n
BeMiller JN. 2011. Pasting, paste, and gel properties of starch\u2013hydrocolloid combinations. Carbohyd Polym 86:386\u2013423.<\/p>\n
Biliaderis, C.G., Izydorczyk, M.S. (1995). Effect of arabinoxylans on bread-making qual-ity of wheat flours. Food Chemistry, 53:165.<\/p>\n
Blanshard, J.M.V. (1988). Elements of cereal product structure. In blanshard JMV Mitchell JR. editors. Food Structure \u2013 Its Creation and Evaluation. London : But-terworths. P 313-30.<\/p>\n
Bosmans, G.M.; Lagrain, B.; Ooms, N.; Fierens, E.; Delcour, J.A.2013. Biopolymer Interactions,Water Dynamics, and Bread Crumb Firming. J. Agric. Food Chem.<\/p>\n
Butt, M. S., Tahir-Nadeem, M., Ahmad, Z., & Sultan, M. T. (2008). Xylanases and their applications in baking industry.\u00a0Food Technology and Biotechnology,\u00a046(1), 22-31.\u200f<\/p>\n
Chen, Y., Eder, S., Schubert, S., Gorgerat, S., Boschet, E., Baltensperger, L., & Windhab, E. J. (2021a). Influence of amylase addition on bread quality and bread staling.\u00a0ACS Food Science & Technology,\u00a01(6), 1143-1150.\u200f<\/p>\n
Chen, Y.; Gavaliatsis, T.; Kuster, S.; St\u00e4deli, C.; Fischer, P.; Windhab, E. J. (2021b). Crust treatments to reduce bread staling. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 182\u2212190.<\/p>\n
Chen, P.L., Long, Z., Ruan, R., Labuza. (1997). Nuclear magnetic resonance study of water mobility in bread during storage . Food Science and Technology, 30:18.<\/p>\n
Choi, Y. J.; Ahn, S. C.; Choi, H. S.; Hwang, D. K.; Kim, B. Y.; Baik, M. Y.2008. Role of water in bread staling: A review. Food Science and Biotechnology. 17, 1139\u22121145..<\/p>\n
Collar, C. (2003). Significance of viscosity profile of pasted and gelled formulated wheat doughs on bread staling.\u00a0European Food Research and Technology,\u00a0216, 505-513.\u200f<\/p>\n
Courtin, C. M., & Delcour, J. A. (2002). Arabinoxylans and endoxylanases in wheat flour bread-making.\u00a0Journal of cereal science,\u00a035(3), 225-243.\u200f<\/p>\n
Copeland, L., Blazek, J., Salman, H., & Tang, M. C. (2009). Form and functionality of starch.\u00a0Food hydrocolloids,\u00a023(6), 1527-1534.\u200f<\/p>\n
Czuchajowska, Z., Pomeranz, Y. (1989). DSC, water activity, and moisture contents in crumb center and near-crust zones of bread during storage. Cereal Chemistry, 66:305.<\/p>\n
Denli, E., Ercan, R. (2001). Effect of added pentosans isolated from wheat and rye grain on some properties of bread. Eur Food Ras Technol 212L374 { Chem Abstr 135:60448(2001)}.<\/p>\n
Dragsdorf, R.D., Varriano \u2013Marston, E. (1980). Bread staling: X-ray diffraction studies on bread supplemented with a-amylases from different sources. Cereal Chemistry, 57:310.<\/p>\n
Dreese, P.C., faubion, J.M., Hoseney, R.C. (1988). Dynamic rheological properties of flour, gluten, and gluten-starch doughs. I. Temperature-dependent changes during heating. Cereal Chemistry, 65:348.<\/p>\n
Dragsdorf RD., and Variano \u2013Marston,E. 1980 Bread staling : X ray detraction studies on bread supplemented with \u03b1 amylases from different sources. Cereal Chemistry, 57:310.<\/p>\n
Every, D., Gerrard, J.A., Gilpin, M.J., Ross, M., Newberry, M.P. (1998). Stalin in starch bread: the effect of gluten additions on specific loaf volume and firming rate. Starch\/ Starke 50:443.<\/p>\n
Fadda, C., Sanguinetti, A. M., Del Caro, A., Collar, C., & Piga, A. (2014). Bread staling: Updating the view.\u00a0Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,\u00a013(4), 473-492.\u200f<\/p>\n
Goesaert, H., Slade, L., Levine, H., & Delcour, J. A. (2009). Amylases and bread firming\u2013an integrated view.\u00a0Journal of cereal science,\u00a050(3), 345-352.\u200f<\/p>\n
Gujral, H. S., Haros, M., & Rosell, C. M. (2003). Starch hydrolyzing enzymes for retarding the staling of rice bread.\u00a0Cereal Chemistry,\u00a080(6), 750-754.\u200f<\/p>\n
Gujral, H. S., Rosell, C. M., Sharma, S., & Singh, S. (2003). Effect of sodium lauryl sulphate on the texture of sponge cake.\u00a0Food science and technology international,\u00a09(2), 89-93.\u200f<\/p>\n
Gray, J. A.; Bemiller, J. N.2003. Bread Staling: Molecular Basis and Control. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2, 1\u221221.<\/p>\n
Hammer, R. J. 1995. Enzymes in the baking industry. Pages 190-222 in: Enzymes in Food Processing. G. A. Tucker and L. F. J. Woods, eds. Blackie Academic & Professional: London.<\/p>\n
He, H., Hoseney, R.C. (1990). Change in bread firmness and moisture during long \u2013 term storage. Cereal Chemistry, 67:603.<\/p>\n
Hibi, Y. (2001). Effect of retrograded wazy corn starch on bread staling.. Hoseney, R.C. (1989). The interactions that produce unique products from wheat flour. In: Pomeranz Y . editor. Wheat Is Unique . St Paul , Minn. American Association of Cereal Chemists. P. 595-606.<\/p>\n
Heenan, S. P., Dufour, J. P., Hamid, N., Harvey, W., & Delahunty, C. M. (2009). Characterisation of fresh bread flavour: Relationships between sensory characteristics and volatile composition.\u00a0Food Chemistry,\u00a0116(1), 249-257.Hoseney, R.C., Lineback, D.R,, Seib, P.A. (1978). Role of starch in baked foods, Bakers Dog 52(4):11.<\/p>\n
Hoseney, C., Miller, R. (1998). Current understanding of staling of bread. AIB Res Dept Tech. Bull. 20(6):1.<\/p>\n
Hoseney, R.C., Seib, P.A. (1978). Bread: from grain to table. Cereal foods World 23:362.<\/p>\n
Hug-Iten, S., Handschin, S., Conde-Petit, B., Escher, F. (1999). Changes in starch in micro-structure on baking and staling of wheat bread. Lebensm Wiss Technol 32:255.<\/p>\n
Hoover, R., Hughes, T., Chung, H. J.(2010). Composition, molecular structure, properties, and modification of pulse starches: A review.\u00a0Food research international,\u00a043(2), 399-413.<\/p>\n
Hoover, R. (2001). Composition, molecular structure, and physicochemical properties of tuber and root starches: a review.\u00a0Carbohydrate polymers,\u00a045(3), 253-267.\u200f<\/p>\n
Hug-Iten, S., Escher, F., & Conde\u2010Petit, B. (2003). Staling of bread: Role of amylose and amylopectin and influence of starch\u2010degrading enzymes.\u00a0Cereal Chemistry,\u00a080(6), 654-661.\u200f<\/p>\n
Inagaki ,T., Seib, P.A., (1992). Frming of bread crumb with cross-Linked waxy barley starch substituted for wheat starch. Cereal Chemistry, 69:321.<\/p>\n
Jane, J. L., Robyt, J. F., & Huang, D. H. (1985). 13C-NMR study of the conformation of helical complexes of amylodextrin and of amylose in solution.\u00a0Carbohydrate research,\u00a0140(1), 21-35.\u200f<\/p>\n
Ju, Q., Li, Y., Sun, H., Chen, J., Yuan, Y., Hu, Y. (2020). Effect of potato flour on quality and staling properties of wheat\u2013potato flour bread.\u00a0Food Science & Nutrition,\u00a08(10), 5474-5482.\u200f<\/p>\n
Kim, S.K., DAppolonia, B.L. (1977). Effect of pentosans on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels. Cereal Chemistry, 54:150.<\/p>\n
Kim-Shin, M.S, Mari, F., Rao, P.A., Stengle, T.R., Chinachoti, P. (1991). O Nuclear magent-ic resonance studies of water mobility during bread staling. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 39:1915.<\/p>\n
Knightly, W.H. (1977). The staling of bread:A review. Bakers Dig. 51(5):52.<\/p>\n
Krishnarau, L., Hpseney, R.C. (1994). Enzymes increase loaf volume of bread supple-mented with starch tailings and insoluble pentosans. Journal of Food Science, 59:1251.<\/p>\n
Kulp, K., Ponte, J.G Jr. (1981). Staling of white pan bread: fundamental causes. CRC. Critical Rev Food Sci Nutr 15:1.<\/p>\n
Kurek, M., & Wyrwisz, J. (2015). The application of dietary fiber in bread products.\u00a0Journal of Food Processing and Technology,\u00a06(5), 447-450.\u200f<\/p>\n
Kulp, K., ponte, J.G .Ir . (1981). Staling of whiat pan bread: fundamental causes: CRC Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition, 15:1<\/p>\n
Le-Bail, A.; Boumali, K.; Jury, V.; Ben-Aissa, F.; Zuniga, R. (2009). Impact of the baking kinetics on staling rate and mechanical properties of bread crumb and degassed bread crumb. Journal of Cereal Science,2009, 50, 235\u2013240.<\/p>\n
Leung, H.K., Magnuson, J.A., Bruinsma, B.L. (1983). Water binding of wheat flour doughs and bread as studied by deuteron relaxation. Journal of Food Science, 48:95.<\/p>\n
Levine, H., Slade, L. (1990). Influences of the glassy and rubbery states on the ther-mal, mechanical, and structural properties of doughs and baked products. In: Faridi H, Faubion JM, editors. Dough Rheology and Baked Texture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. P 157-330.<\/p>\n
Lin, W., Lineback, D.R. (1990). Changes in carbohydrate fractions in enzyme-supple-mented bread and the potential relationship to staling. Starch\/Starke 42:385.<\/p>\n
Maga, J.A. (1975). Bread staling. CRC Critical Rev. Food Technology, 5:443.<\/p>\n
Malkki, Y., Paakkanen, J., Eerola, K. (1978). Effect of freezing and monglycerides on staling of bread. J Food Process Preserv 2:101.<\/p>\n
Marsh, R.D.L., Blanshard, J.M.V. (1988). The application of polymer crystal growth theory to the kinetics of formation of the B-amylose polymorph in a 50% wheat starch gel. Carbohydrate Polymer, 9:301.<\/p>\n
Micheniewicz, .J, Biliaderis, C.G., Bushuk, W. (1992). Effect of added pentosans on some properties of wheat bread. Food Chemistry. 43:251.<\/p>\n
Morrison, W.R. (1976). Lipids in flour, dough, and bread. Bakers Dig 50(4):29.<\/p>\n
Morsy, H. M. E. (2012). Characteristics of Corn Starch-Based Composites Reinforced with Flax and Date Palm Fibers (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER oF SCIENCE in Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University Giza).\u200f<\/p>\n
Martin, M. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1991. A mechanism of bread firming. II. Role of starch hydrolyzing enzymes. Cereal Chemistry, 68:503-507.<\/p>\n
Matsushita, K., Tamura, A., Goshima, D., Santiago, D. M., Myoda, T., Takata, K., & Yamauchi, H. (2020). Effect of combining additional bakery enzymes and high pressure treatment on bread making qualities.\u00a0Journal of food science and technology,\u00a057, 134-142.\u200f<\/p>\n
New bold, M.W. (1976). Crump softeners and dough conditioners. Bakers Dig 5(4) :37<\/p>\n
Orthoefer, F., & Kim, D. (2019). Applications of emulsifiers in baked foods.\u00a0Food emulsifiers and their applications, 299-321.\u200f<\/p>\n
Pizza, L., Massi ,P. (1995). Moisture redistribution throughout the bread loaf during staling and its effect on mechanical properties, cereal chemistry, 72:320.<\/p>\n
Putseys, J. A., Schooneveld., Bergmans, M. E. (2019). Enzymes used in Baking.\u00a0Industrial enzyme applications, 95-123.\u200f<\/p>\n
Putseys JA, Lamberts L, Delcour JA. (2010). Amylose-inclusion complexes: formation, identity and physico-chemical properties. Journal of Cereal Science, 51:238\u2013247.<\/p>\n
Rogers, D.E., Zeleznak, K.J., Lai, C.S., Hoseney, R.C. (1988). Effect of native lipids, short-ening, and bread moisture on bread firming. Cereal Chemistry, 65:398.<\/p>\n
Russell, P. (1983). Kinetic study of bread staling by differential scanning calorim-etry. The effect of painting loaves with ethanol. Starch\/Starke 35:277.<\/p>\n
Russell, P.L. (1987). Aging of gels of starches of different amylose\/amylopectin con-tent studied by DSC. Journal of Cereal Science, 6:147.<\/p>\n
Schiraldi, A., Fessas, D. (2001). Mechanism of staling: An overview. In: Chinachoti P, Vodovotz Y, editors. Bread Staling. Boco Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. P 1-17.<\/p>\n
Seyhun N, Sumnu G, Sahin S. (2003). Effects of different emulsifier types, fat contents, and gum types on retardation of staling of microwave-baked cakes. Food\/Nahrung 47:248\u2013251.<\/p>\n
Sharma P, Gujral HS. Anti-staling effects of -glucan and barley flour in wheat flourchapatti.(2014).FoodChem.15;145:102-8.<\/p>\n
doi:10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.08.021.<\/p>\n
Sirbu, A. (2014). Bread flavours for a better consumers acceptance.\u00a0Baking Europe, 13-16.<\/p>\n
Slade, L., Levine, H. (1987). Recent advances in starch retrogradation. In: Stivala SS, Crescenzi V, Dea ICM, editors. Industrial Polysaccharides-The Impact of Biotech-nology and Advanced Methodologies. New york: Gordon and Breach. P 387-430.<\/p>\n
Slade, L., Levine, H. (1991). Beyond water activity: Recent advances based on an alternative approach to assessment of food quality and safety. CRC Critical Rev. Food Sci Nutr 30:115.<\/p>\n
Stampfli, L., & Nersten, B. (1995). Emulsifiers in bread making.\u00a0Food chemistry,\u00a052(4), 353-360.\u200f<\/p>\n
Stear, A.C. (1990). Chemical changes in yeasted doughs during fermentation. In: Handbook of Breadmaking Technology. Barking, England; Elsevier science. P 479-491.<\/p>\n
Tang, M. C., & Copeland, L. (2007). Investigation of starch retrogradation using atomic force microscopy.\u00a0Carbohydrate Polymers,\u00a070(1), 1-7.\u200f<\/p>\n
Teo, C. H., Karim, A. A., Cheah, P. B., Norziah, M. H., & Seow, C. C. (2000). On the roles of protein and starch in the aging of non-waxy rice flour.\u00a0Food Chemistry,\u00a069(3), 229-236.\u200f<\/p>\n
Tebben, L., Chen, G., Tilley, M., & Li, Y. (2020). Individual effects of enzymes and vital wheat gluten on whole wheat dough and bread properties.\u00a0Journal of Food Science,\u00a085(12), 4201-4208.\u200f<\/p>\n
Vodovotz, Y., Vittadini, E., Sachleben, J.R. (2002). Use of h cross-relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe the changes in bread and its compo-Nents during aging. Carbohydrate Research, 337:147.<\/p>\n
Wang, S., Li, C., Copeland, L., Niu, Q., & Wang, S. (2015). Starch retrogradation: A comprehensive review.\u00a0Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science &Food Safety,\u00a014(5), 568-585.\u200f<\/p>\n
Wynne-Jones, S., Blanshard, J.M.V. (1986). Hydration studies of wheat starch amylopes- tin, amylose gels and bread by proton magnetic resonance. Carbohydrate Polymer, 6:289.<\/p>\n
Xie, Y. Y., Hu, X. P., Jin, Z. Y., Xu, X. M., & Chen, H. Q. (2014). Effect of repeated retrogradation on structural characteristics and in vitro digestibility of waxy potato starch.\u00a0Food chemistry,\u00a0163, 219-225.\u200f<\/p>\n
Xu, S., Gong, Y., Rafique, H., He, T., & Hu, X. (2021). Effect of oat \u03b2-glucan addition on the staling properties of wheat-oat blended flour Chinese steamed bread.\u00a0Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre,\u00a026, 100285.\u200f<\/p>\n
Zeeb, B.; McClements, D. J.; Weiss, J.2017. Enzyme-based strategies for structuring foods for improved functionality. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 8, 21\u22123.<\/p>\n
\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u00b9\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0629\u00b2\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u00b9\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u00b9\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u00b9 1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. 2 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9169","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9169"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9287,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9169\/revisions\/9287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}