{"id":8708,"date":"2024-01-01T10:20:35","date_gmt":"2024-01-01T10:20:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=8708"},"modified":"2024-01-01T10:21:34","modified_gmt":"2024-01-01T10:21:34","slug":"5-1-7","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-1-7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634: \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a1<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a2<\/sup><\/strong>\n1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: mouloudimoh@gmail.com\n2<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \"\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\"\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Slimani.1986mohamed@gmail.com<\/a>HNSJ, 2024, 5(1); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj51\/7\n\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/01\/2024\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 06\/12\/2023\u0645<\/pre>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635:<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n
<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n
The portal spaces in the city of Marrakesh: new function and contribution in local development<\/strong><\/p>\n
Elmouloudi Mohamed1<\/sup> Slimani Mohamed2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n
1<\/sup> Professor of higher education at the university Sidi mohamed ben abdullah \u2013Fes\/ E-mail\u00a0: mouloudimoh@gmail.com<\/p>\n
2<\/sup> Fourth-year doctoral student,laboratory\u00a0: Territory.Heritage and History\u00a0 Faculty of Arts, Dahr al-Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed ben Abdullah University, Fes.\/ E-mail\u00a0: slimani.1986mohamed@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n
HNSJ, 2024, 5(1); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj51\/7<\/p>\n
Published at 01\/01\/2024 Accepted at 06\/12\/2023 <\/strong><\/p>\n
Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n
The portal or doorman spaces in the city of Marrakesh constitute a tangible and intangible cultural heritage that is added to the other heritage resources that the city abounds with. In addition to being a tourist attraction, it has become a place for practicing various structured and unstructured economic activities, which makes it one of the levers of local development in the city.<\/p>\n
Key Words: <\/strong>doorman \/portal space – local development- marketisation<\/p>\n
 – \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645:<\/strong> \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 (Territorialis\u00e9s) \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0645\u062d\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n
1- \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 7 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064852 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u06487 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c 59 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 31 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u064837 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064831 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u064835 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0640 456\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0636\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0638\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 230 \u0643\u0645\u00b2\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 928.850 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0628 217.245 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c 2015<\/p>\n
2- \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634<\/strong>: \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 (DE VERDUN Gaston): ” \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0629” \u0628\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0648 “\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648”.[2]<\/a><\/sup> \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062817 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 MARMOL \u0628 24 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 Di\u00e9go de TORRES \u0628 24 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648Le P\u00e8re DAN \u0628 25 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646: ” \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629”.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629:<\/p>\n
-\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646:<\/strong> \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1130 \u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b<\/p>\n
-\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064d (Coudes). \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u061b<\/p>\n
-\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633<\/strong>: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a\u064a\u061b[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
-\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u061b<\/p>\n
–\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061b<\/p>\n
–\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061b<\/p>\n
–\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061b<\/p>\n
–\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648\u062a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062f\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0630\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: ” \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0646… \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629”.[6]<\/a><\/sup> (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 )<\/p>\n
\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u06452: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a<\/p>\n
3- \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a; (L\u2019espace portier):<\/strong> \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a(STADNICKI R)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0646\u064e\u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062b\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
4- \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n
4-1- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a: <\/strong>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645.[9]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/p>\n
– \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629:<\/strong> \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 280 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2023\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 300 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u06451: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 ( 2015 \u2013 2023)<\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 2015\/2023<\/p>\n
\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 90,4 % \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 73% \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 %87 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u06452)<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u06452: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a 2023<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u0636\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632.[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Ports intra urbains) \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0631\u062a(ECKERT. H).[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 “\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0630\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 (ISAAC. J) ” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 ” ( Serendipity). [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 ( \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629) \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 21,1%\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 16,7%\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 16,4%. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064f \u062d\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a (Les servitudes non aeficandi) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 25 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631.[13]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 ” \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629” (Territoires identitaires).[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
4-2- \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628: <\/strong>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0633\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064e\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u063a\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0641\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0642\u0652\u0641\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0647)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0645 8 \u0634\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634[16]<\/a><\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 “\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629” \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a( La fusion urbaine) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Les conurbations urbaines) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n
4-3- \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634:<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n
4-3-1- \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644-\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup> ; \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a: \u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Stakesholders)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064f \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629”[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n
4-3-2- \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646:<\/strong> \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 ”\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u00a0” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648”\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648”\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648”\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629…\u0625\u0644\u062e[19]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 (V\u00e9tustes et D\u00e9labr\u00e9es)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u060c<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
4-3-3- \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a: <\/strong>\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648- \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\/ \u0641\u062d\u0644): <\/strong>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\/\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 (\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a)\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0646\u0652\u064a\u0650\u064a (Fran\u00e7ois MERMIER 1989) ” \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong>\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a “[21]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 (Achalandage) \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648- \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a (Mixit\u00e9 socio-spatiale ) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
    \u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629”\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639. [22]<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n
    \u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 (Les faits)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064f\u062f\u0652 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n
    \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1276\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f” \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629” \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 (TSA)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a” (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u060c \u0648”\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u064a”\u060c \u0648”\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a”. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0643\u0651\u064f\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629[23]<\/a><\/sup>\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 “\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628”\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n
    4-3-4- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0648” \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628” :<\/strong> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n
    \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627 (Territoriali\u00e9es) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 (\u00a0Effet porte\u00a0).[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
    \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"\"<\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a 2023<\/p>\n
    \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629: (Soukalisation)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 (EP)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0643\u0651\u064f\u0644\u064f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 (Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne) \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648- \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n
    \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a.[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n
    \u0648\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u064e\u0639\u064f\u062f\u0652 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a( La fusion urbaine) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n
    \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644[26]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 ( Formelles\/informelles)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 ( 2014-2017)<\/p>\n
    \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
    \u062c- \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629:<\/strong> \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a ) Gamme de produits)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f(60 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627). \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634 Vente Flash\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 3 \u0623\u06484 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 Th\u00e8me\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n
    \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627( Espaces commerciaux et espaces publics) .\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n
    \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/strong> \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n
    \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n