{"id":8236,"date":"2023-11-01T11:37:38","date_gmt":"2023-11-01T11:37:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=8236"},"modified":"2024-04-05T14:49:46","modified_gmt":"2024-04-05T14:49:46","slug":"4-11-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/4-11-3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a1<\/sup><\/strong> \u060c \u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06312<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: zahraa.douhabi@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: herharabdellah@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 -\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 -\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

Household waste in developing countries: socio-economic challenges and environmental risks<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zahra Douhabi1<\/sup> , Abdellah Herhar2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> PhD research student, Human, Societies and Values Laboratory. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco. Email: zahraa.douhabi@gmail.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco. Email: herharabdellah@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(11); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4113<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/11\/2023 Accepted at 05\/10\/2023 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

Household waste management in developing countries represents a socio-economic and organizational challenge, due to the pace of demographic growth and urbanization. Consequently, the issue of waste today poses many crises and problems, as a result of the incorrect disposal of tons of waste in landfills and random open landfills. This traditional method has resulted in many environmental problems, including surface and groundwater pollution, soil pollution, and the high rate of methane gas in the atmosphere, in addition to the health risks, which are represented by the emergence of respiratory and skin diseases, cancerous diseases, and causing many epidemics such as malaria, plague, and others, and perhaps the poor group of These countries are most exposed to waste risks due to their living and direct proximity to disposal stations, which are often located on the margins and outskirts of cities.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Developing countries – household waste – socio-economic challenges – environmental and health risks – random dumping.<\/p>\n

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    \n
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      \n
    1. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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        \n
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        \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629”.[8]<\/a> <\/sup> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

        \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. “\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 “\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629” \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639.”[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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          \n
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            \n
          1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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              \n
            1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 “\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629.”[17]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 18% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 9 \u064870 (\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0637\u0646) \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u064e\u062f\u0650\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 ‘\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a”.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

              \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627”\u060c \u0648”\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062f”\u060c \u0648”\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0646\u0643”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.[19]<\/a><\/sup> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0627 “.[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

              \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 8.4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0632”. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b.[21]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

                \n
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