{"id":7433,"date":"2023-07-03T11:29:47","date_gmt":"2023-07-03T11:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=7433"},"modified":"2023-07-14T12:40:49","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T12:40:49","slug":"4-7-20","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/4-7-20\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u062a\u06491<\/sup> \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u06462<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06373<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: al.crs.ss.85@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup> \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: eco.eagle@hotmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

3<\/sup> Www.kkh83@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(7); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4720<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/07\/2023\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 15\/06\/2023\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u06482022.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ArcGIS 10.8\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ERDAS Imagin 14\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

Study of vegetation cover changes in the city of Sebha using remote sensing and geographic information systems<\/strong><\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(7); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4720<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/07\/2023 Accepted at 15\/06\/2023 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

The research aims to obtain a general overview of changes in vegetation cover and its area in the Sabha region using remote sensing techniques. The study relied on satellite data from different versions of Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI, and functional maps specific to the study were produced and the results were analyzed for the spring and summer seasons of 1996 and 2022. ArcGIS 10.81 software was used to prepare the necessary maps and a map was prepared to detect these changes using ERDAS Imagin 14 software. The study showed that the area of vegetation cover in the spring season of 1996 was (10230.3 hectares) while in the summer season it was (7521.3 hectares). In 2022, the area of vegetation cover was (43489.8 hectares) in the spring season and (16367.2 hectares) in the summer season, with a decrease of 4.27% and 1.13% between the two years for each season, respectively.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Remote Sensing, Vegetation, ArcGIS 10.8.1, ERDAS Imagine 14, Changes Detecting.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a (Landsat) \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0631:<\/p>\n

– \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a 8: \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0640 11 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629
\n(\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/td>\n		\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d
\n(\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n0.43 – 0.45<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642<\/td>\n0.45 – 0.51<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/td>\n0.53 – 0.59<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/td>\n0.64 – 0.67<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a)\u0640<\/td>\n0.85 – 0.88<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n1.57 – 1.65<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n2.11 – 2.29<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n0.50 – 0.68<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628)\u0640<\/td>\n1.36 – 1.38<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n10.60 – 11.19<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n11.50 – 12.51<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/landsat-8-bands-combinations\/<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a 5: \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0640 7 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2) \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a 5.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2) \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 (\u00b5m) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td>\nLandsat
\nTM & ETM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642<\/td>\n0,45<\/td>\n0,52<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/td>\n0,50<\/td>\n0,60<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/td>\n0,60<\/td>\n0,70<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n0,76<\/td>\n0,90<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n1,55<\/td>\n1,74<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n2,08<\/td>\n2,35<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n10,4<\/td>\n12,5<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/faqs\/what-are-band-designations-landsat-satellites<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

– \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a +Landsat ETM \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 NDVI\u060c NDBI\u060c NDWI\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0645 (Gandhi, G. M, et., all 2015) \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a (NDVI). \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 Landsat TM \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a NDVI \u0648 DEM \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 NDVI. \u0648\u0627\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 NDVI \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 6% \u0648 23% \u0645\u0646 2001 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2006 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 19% \u0648 4% \u0648 7% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a[].<\/p>\n

– \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Landsat TM \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1989 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 22% \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a 2018 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (Landsat 8) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 1985-2016\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Landsat 8\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2021 \u0628\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1984-2018 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (1984\u060c 1988\u0640 1998\u060c 2008\u060c 2018) \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2002\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2018 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a Landsat 5 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ERDAS Imagine \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2018 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 5265 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0629 2002 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 6797 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a 2022 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 2000-2020 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a NDVI \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0629 Landsat 7, 8\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0640NDVI \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 0.77.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 (14\u00b000’00”) \u0648(14\u00b030’00”) \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 (26\u00b030’00”) \u0648(27\u00b030’00”) \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 800 \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 32 \u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 NDVI\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629http:\/\/earthexploerv.usgs.gov<\/a> \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 30 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (2) \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u0648 2022 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a NDVI \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 Digitals Number (DNs) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 Reflectance of Top of Atmosphere \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 (DNs) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Radiance) \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639” (Radiometric Correction)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 (DNs) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 5+7 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Radiance \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 Reflectance\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 8+9 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644DNs \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 DNs \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 Radiance \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 (Landsat 5+7) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

L\u03bb=((Lmax\u03bb-Lmin\u03bb)\/(Qcalmax-Qcalmin))*(Qcal-Qcalmin) + Lmin\u03bb<\/p>\n

Where:<\/p>\n

L\u03bb: is the cell value as radiance<\/p>\n

QCAL: digital number<\/p>\n

LMIN\u03bb: spectral radiance scales to QCALMIN<\/p>\n

LMAX\u03bb: spectral radiance scales to QCALMAX<\/p>\n

QCALMIN: the minimum quantized calibrated pixel value (typically = 1)<\/p>\n

QCALMAX: the maximum quantized calibrated pixel value (typically = 255)<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (3)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (3) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ArcGIS 10.8 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (4):<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (4) \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c 8 ArcGIS 10.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u03c1P=\u03c0* L\u03bb*d2\/ESUN\u03bb*cos(\u03b8)s<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n

\u03c1P: \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n

L\u03bb: \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n

d: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

ESUN\u03bb: \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n

cos(\u03b8)s: \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 cos(\u03b8)s \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628 (90-Solar Elevation Angle)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 ESUN\u03bb \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642:<\/p>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3): \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Recommended Solar Exoatmospheric Spectral Irradiances (ESUN) Values (in W\/m2\/\u03bcm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Band Number<\/td>\nLandsat 7 ETM+<\/td>\nLandsat 5 TM<\/td>\nLandsat 4 TM<\/td>\nLandsat 1-5 MSS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n1970<\/td>\n1958<\/td>\n1958<\/td>\n1848<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n1842<\/td>\n1827<\/td>\n1826<\/td>\n1588<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n1547<\/td>\n1551<\/td>\n1554<\/td>\n1235<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n1044<\/td>\n1036<\/td>\n1033<\/td>\n856.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n225.7<\/td>\n214.9<\/td>\n214.7<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n82.06<\/td>\n80.65<\/td>\n80.7<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n1369<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/landsat-missions\/using-usgs-landsat-level-1-data-product<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 DNs \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 (Landsat 8+9) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u03c1\u03bb\u2032=M\u03c1Qcal+A\u03c1<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n

\u03c1\u03bb’\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0=\u00a0\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639<\/p>\n

M\u03c1= \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a (REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the band number)<\/p>\n

A\u03c1\u00a0\u00a0= \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a (REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is the band number)<\/p>\n

Qcal\u00a0= \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n

\u03c1\u03bb= \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n

\u03b8SE\u00a0= \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n

\u03b8SZ\u00a0= \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a; \u03b8SZ\u00a0= 90\u00b0 –\u00a0\u03b8SE<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

NDVI =<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b: NIR \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 (Landsat 5+7 = Band 4, Landsat 8+9 = Band 5)<\/p>\n

R \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 (Landsat 5+7 = Band 3, Landsat 8+9 = Band 4)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 96:<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (5) \u0648(6)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (5) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (6) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022:<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (7) \u0648(8)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (7) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (8) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0622\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u0645\u0646 1.33% \u062d\u062a\u0649 0.979% \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0645\u0646 5.66% \u062d\u062a\u0649 2.13% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 767680.48 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4) \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u06482022 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 4.33%.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4): \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 (\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631)<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1996<\/td>\n\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/td>\n10230.3<\/td>\n1.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0622\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633<\/td>\n7521.3<\/td>\n0.979<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2022<\/td>\n\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/td>\n43489.8<\/td>\n5.665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0622\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633<\/td>\n16367.22<\/td>\n2.132<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u06482022 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c ERDAS Imagine 2014 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (9)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 (9) \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u06482022<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u06482022 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Al-Zurfhi, H. R. J., Al-Jassani, N. A., & Al-Shammari, H. M. (2021). The role of remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques in detecting and analyzing the change in vegetation cover in Najaf Governorate using the (NDVI and SAVI) indicators. AL-ADAB JOURNAL<\/em>, (139 Supplement 2).<\/p>\n

Gandhi, G. M., Parthiban, B. S., Thummalu, N., & Christy, A. (2015). Ndvi: Vegetation change detection using remote sensing and gis\u2013A case study of Vellore District. Procedia computer science<\/em>, 57<\/em>, 1199-1210.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0633, \u0631. \u0644. \u0625., & \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0625\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2016). \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u064a\u0631. Journal of Distance Learning and Open Learning<\/em>, 4<\/em>(6), 125-155.\u200e<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0649, \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631, \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0629, & \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f. (2021). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. Scientific Journal of Applied Sciences of Sabratha University<\/em>, 69-80.\u200e<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a, & \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649. (2022). \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0633. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>, 38<\/em>(4).\u200e<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628. (2023). \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (AJASHSS)<\/em>, 1-15.\u200e<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646. 2014. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 (NDVI) (NDWI) \u0648 (NDBI) \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (2001-2006) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c<\/em>\u0645\u062c. 6\u060c \u0639. 2\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 12-18.
\nhttps:\/\/search.emarefa.net\/detail\/BIM-905709<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e, & \u0639\u0628\u0644\u0629. (2019). \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 (NDVI) \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628<\/em>, 20<\/em>(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631), 105-127.\u200e<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a. (2019). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b. Journals geographic<\/em>, 2<\/em>(29).\u200e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u062a\u06491 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u06462 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06373 1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: al.crs.ss.85@gmail.com 2 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7433","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7433"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7433\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7473,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7433\/revisions\/7473"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}