{"id":6341,"date":"2023-03-03T02:37:22","date_gmt":"2023-03-03T02:37:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=6341"},"modified":"2023-03-03T02:37:22","modified_gmt":"2023-03-03T02:37:22","slug":"4-3-40","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/4-3-40\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-6341-GrindEQpgref5f741fe61\"><\/a><strong>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The relationship between higher education reform and political changes in Tunisia since the declaration of independence in 1956<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Hiba Aloui<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>1<\/sup> <a id=\"post-6341-_Hlk128706488\"><\/a>Zhengzhou University, School of History. Center for National and Regional Studies, Ministry of Education Center for Egyptian Studies. Email: alouihiba@hotmail.fr<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u7f72\u540d\u5355\u4f4d:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u90d1\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u9662<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u56fd\u522b\u548c\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u90d1\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u57c3\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">HNSJ, 2023, 4(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4340<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Published at 01\/03\/2023 Accepted at 21\/02\/2023 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">There is no doubt that the Tunisian government faces a challenge in getting the country out of its political and economic impasse, but this situation requires a comprehensive reform of the educational system as a whole, which constitutes one of the most important pillars of political, economic and social development. This is done by achieving the quality and independence of educational institutions and the success of their goals, while preserving the foundations of the national curricula that enabled Tunisians to participate in democratic transformation and institution building decades ago.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is also necessary for the Tunisian government to pay attention to regional and international developments regarding any higher education reform strategy. For example, the Tunisian government seeks to reform higher education through the five phases of reforming the educational system since the declaration of independence in 1956.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition, and within the framework of Tunisia&#8217;s openness to the African continent, which confirms the depth of cooperation and exchange between them, Tunisia has facilitated the procedures for absorbing a large number of African students in universities, as well as providing scholarships to African students in various disciplines in the public and private sectors in Tunisian institutions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">On the other hand, Tunisia faced challenges within the educational institution, the most important of which is the lack of independence of the educational institution, as well as the lack of financial resources necessary to achieve its goals, and the lack of involvement of these institutions in public policies. Likewise, political, economic and social challenges affected the reform process, despite the achievements made. Accordingly, the process of reforming higher education in Tunisia is still slow compared to the desired reform goals, and this is what made the success of this reform process dependent on reality and tangible challenges, especially the political challenge. Thus, there is a direct relationship between the reform process and the political changes since the declaration of independence in Tunisia in 1956. The study will depend on the historical method and the content analysis method.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Key Words: <\/strong>Tunisia, the political variable, higher education, the reform process, and the economy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/a> \u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1956\">1956<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u00a0.<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011\">2011<\/a>\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u00a0\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 30 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a\u00a023 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u00a02011\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B9\">\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0632\u0639<\/a>\u060c \u00a0\u062b\u0645\u00a0 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u064a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_2014&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 2014<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a 25 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2019\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u060c\u00a0 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF\">\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/a>\u00a0 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019\">2019<\/a>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 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href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_(2011-2014)\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a012 -12-\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011\">2011<\/a> \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f 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href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/31_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1\">31 -12-<\/a>\u00a02014. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A)\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 84 \u0648 85 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u00a025 -7- \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019\">2019<\/a>\u060c\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u0647\u0648\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647.\u00a0 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 90 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 90 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF\">\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u00a023 -10-\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019\">2019<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a 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href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c<em> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u00a0<\/em>4-1-2011<em>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3\"><em>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642.<\/em> \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u00a018 -12-\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2010\">2010<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1\">14 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631<\/a>2011. \u00a0\u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u00a0<a 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1958). \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 118 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1958\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 04 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1958\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">http:\/\/www.iort.gov.tn\/WD120AWP\/WD120Awp.exe\/CTX_5404-3-qhdTsiGwEd\/RechercheTexte\/SYNC_-1220273124<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d (2019). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637. 22 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2019. \u06351-3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 (2020). \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1958 \u06481991\u060c 6 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a (2020): \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 18\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 30 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2020.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1990). \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 108 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 30 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1990\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f 78 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 30 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1990.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">http:\/\/www.iort.gov.tn\/WD120AWP\/WD120Awp.exe\/CTX_1276-20-qcvtQHhSNF\/RechercheJORT\/SYNC_-1234658499<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646 (2019). \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c 23 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (2008). \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f19 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 25 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2008\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f 19 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 4 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2008\u060c \u0635844-850.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">http:\/\/www.iort.gov.tn\/WD120AWP\/WD120Awp.exe\/CTX_4176-2-XxQaJSVZEo\/RechercheTexte\/SYNC_-1236065358<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 (2015). \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a 2015-2025\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 23 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2015 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u06351-35.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a (2018). \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 (2019-2022). \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">http:\/\/www.mes.tn\/page.php?code_menu=13<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Sunlight\/Downloads\/brochure19_20_ar%20(2).pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u2013 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1. \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 2019-2020. file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Sunlight\/Downloads\/brochure19_20_ar%20(4).pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u0633\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 14 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\/ \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/middleeast-46865244<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062a (2015). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: 1955\/1958\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">http:\/\/akroutbouhouch.blogspot.com\/2015\/12\/1955-1958.html#more<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Reference (English)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Lai, Y.M., Ayub, Z.A., Ahmad, A.R., Wan, C.D., Ismail, R. (2016). Republic of Tunisia. In: Lai, Y., Ahmad, A., Wan, C. (Eds) Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Springer, Singapore.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-1056-9_4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lai, Ayub, Ahmad, Wan, Ismail, 2016, P.61-86. <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 1958). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c 2019). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06352). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2020). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06351-34). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063534-64). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u060c 2020). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 1990). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u060c 2020). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2020). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063561). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u060c 2020). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c 2019). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 2008). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c 2019). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 2015). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0648\u060c 2018). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 2019-2022). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642: \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 2019-2022). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(BBC NEWS \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 2021). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-6341-footnote-30\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647). <a href=\"#post-6341-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a1 1 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062c\u0648\u060c \u062e\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: alouihiba@hotmail.fr HNSJ, 2023, 4(3); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4340 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/03\/2023\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 21\/02\/2023\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0633 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6341","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6341","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6341"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6341\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6354,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6341\/revisions\/6354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6341"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}