{"id":6001,"date":"2023-02-16T18:12:02","date_gmt":"2023-02-16T18:12:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=6001"},"modified":"2023-02-16T18:12:02","modified_gmt":"2023-02-16T18:12:02","slug":"4-2-77","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/4-2-77\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"

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1 <\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4277<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

Advantages and disadvantages of electronic payment in government institutions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ibrahim Ali Ahmed Al-Mashaqbeh1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Accountant, New Balama Municipality, Jordan.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2023, 4(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj4277<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/02\/2023 Accepted at 21\/01\/2023 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This research aimed to evaluate the role of electronic payment systems in government institutions. The objectives of the research are: identifying the types of electronic payment systems used by government institutions in receiving financial dues, evaluating the role of electronic payment systems in savings operations, and finding the advantages and disadvantages of using electronic payment systems.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Electronic payment, government institutions.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a .<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 (Kim, and Mirusmonov, 2010) \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 Worku (2010) \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 MPay \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631( URT\u060c 2018). \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 GePG \u0643\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a ( (RTGS <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 RTGS \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a” \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a RTGS \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a (ATM)<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a (Humphrey et al, 2001). \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639( POS) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639( Abor 2004).<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 (Pierce, 2001) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0636\u064d \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643). \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1851 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0641\u0631 \u060c \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a 1851 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Western Union Telegraph Company \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1856 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633. \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a Ogedebe & Babatunde (2012) \u0641\u064a Sumanjeet ( 2009) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n