{"id":2923,"date":"2022-02-02T18:09:41","date_gmt":"2022-02-02T18:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=2923"},"modified":"2022-02-02T18:09:45","modified_gmt":"2022-02-02T18:09:45","slug":"3-2-26","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/3-2-26\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u200f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0623. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: aa24083@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3226<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/02\/2022\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 25\/01\/2022\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

The cavalry and equestrian class in medieval Europe under the feudal system<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nora Ibrahim Al-Dinali1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> University of Benghazi, Libya.<\/p>\n

Email: aa24083@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3226<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/02\/2022 Accepted at 25\/01\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

Most of the Middle Ages in Europe was marked by the emergence of the phenomenon of chivalry and knights, which is closely related to the idea of \u200b\u200bsocial class, as the caste system produced a state of competition between classes, which called for existence, for a class that appears as a protector of the upper classes and a defender of monarchy, as well as impersonating and glorifying the idea of \u200b\u200bchivalry from other civilizations and peoples.<\/p>\n

This research deals with the most important aspects related to chivalry in medieval Europe, in terms of the characteristics of its members, their system of life, and the circumstances surrounding its gradual emergence, to subordination<\/p>\n

under the banner of the church to be closer to religion, to defend the property\u200e of churches and the aristocracy in the Christian community.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u200f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u200f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u200f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u200f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u200f\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a : \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u200f\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 : <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u061f<\/p>\n

_ \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u061f<\/p>\n

_ \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u061f<\/p>\n

_ \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u061f<\/p>\n

_ \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u061f \u200f \u200f<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a 2021\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 . \u200f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 . \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u200f\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u200f\u0648\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u200f\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u200f\u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u200f\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 (\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647) \u0623\u0648(\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u200f\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 . \u200f\u200f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 :<\/strong> \u200f<\/p>\n

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– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u200f\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u200f\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633([30]<\/a><\/sup>) . \u200f<\/p>\n

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\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 :<\/strong> \u200f<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 :<\/strong> \u200f<\/p>\n

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\u200f\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u200f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 : \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f1.\u200f \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0640\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0640\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0640\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062a \u200f\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u200f\u064a\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0640 \u0627\u0631\u062b \u200f\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 . \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f2. \u200f\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u200f\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u200f\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a . \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f3.\u200f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u200f\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 . \u200f\u200f4.\u200f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u200f\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u200f5.\u200f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 . \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f6.\u200f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0645 . \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f7.\u200f \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0642 : \u200f<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u200f \u200f \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/p>\n

\u200f \u200f <\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645(3) \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u200f<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u200f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_\u200f\u200e\u200f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u064a\u062c\u064a: \u0625\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u200f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f_ \u062d\u0631\u0628: \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999.\u200f<\/p>\n

_ \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u200f\u063a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u200f\u200f2015.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f\u200e\u200f_ \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632: \u0647\u0640. \u0648.\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u200f\u200f1958.\u200f<\/p>\n

_ \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1983.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e_ \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a: \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u200f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2003.<\/p>\n

\u200f_ \u0634\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648: \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 2018. \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_ \u0637\u0647: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u200f\u200f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2004.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u200f\u200f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_ \u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u200f\u200f\u200f1966. \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a: \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u200f\u200f1961.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_ \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u200f\u200e:\u200e\u200f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u200f\u200f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f_ \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631: \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u200f\u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1969\u200f\u200e\u200f.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e_\u200e\u200f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u200f\u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u06491095-1099\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1983.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e_\u200e\u200f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631: \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u200f\u200f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u200f\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0640\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u200f\u200f\u060c\u200e1993\u200e\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u200f\u200f_ \u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 : \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u200f\u200f\u200f\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06375\u060c 1977.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_ \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062c. \u0648.\u060c \u0648: \u0628. \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u200f\u060c \u200f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1958\u200f\u200e\u200f .\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f_ \u200f \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646: \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2020.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f\u200f\u200e_\u200e\u200f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f: \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0629 92 – 206 \u0647\/714-\u200f\u200f815 \u200f\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, \u200f\u200f1987.<\/p>\n

\u200f\u200f_\u200f\u200e\u200f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c: \u0644. \u0645 \u060c \u0648 \u062c. \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c\u200f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u200f\u200f\u200f\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c\u200f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u200f\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1984.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e_\u200e\u200f \u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631: \u0633. \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u200f\u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u200f\u200f1988. \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200f \u200f\u200e_ \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0632: \u0647. \u0648.\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u200f\u060c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u06371\u060c 1958.\u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200f\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u200e- France: john\u200e,Western Warfare in the age of the \u200eCrusades(1000-1300),<\/p>\n

University of \u200eWales press, Swansea.\u200e<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200e- Ganshof: F.L,feudalism,Translated by Grierson Philip, London, \u200eLongmans Green,1952.<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200e\u200f\u200e- LaMonte: John.L., World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation \u200eof Medieval<\/p>\n

History,1st \u200eedition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, new \u200eyork, 1949.<\/p>\n

\u200f\u200e–<\/strong> Mills: Charles, The History of Chivalry or Knighthood and its times, vol1,<\/p>\n

Longman press,london, 1826<\/p>\n

– Purdon:Liam.O.and Cindy .L.Vitto,The Rusted hauberk: \u200efeudal ideals of<\/p>\n

order and \u200etheir decline, Gainesville, University \u200ePress of Florida, 1994.<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200e – Reynolds: Susan,Fiefs and Vassals:The Medieval Evidence \u200eReinterpreted, Oxford \u200eUniversity Press, new york,1996. \u200e\u200f \u200f \u200f<\/p>\n

\u200e\u200e\u200f- Stephenson: Carl, Mediaeval feudaalism, Cornell University Press, london, 1942. \u200e\u200f \u200f<\/p>\n

-\u200eStrayer:\u200e Joseph.R, and others, Western Europe in the Middle Ages: A Short<\/p>\n

History, 1st \u200eedition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, new york, 1955. \u200e\u200f \u200f- Tierney: Brian, and\u200e Sidney Painter,\u200e Western Europe in the Middle Ages<\/p>\n

300-1475, 4th edition, publisher Alfred Knopf, new york, 1983.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. () \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u200f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635108. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. () \u0647. \u0648. \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u200f\u060c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u06371 \u200f\u060c 1591 \u060c \u0635 111 .\u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. () \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1961\u060c \u0635113. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. () F.L. Ganshof, feudalism, Translated by Grierson Philip,London, Longmans Green prees, 1952, p4. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. () \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0640\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c1993\u0645 \u0635 111 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. () \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006\u060c \u063533. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. () \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 : \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993\u060c \u063539. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. () \u062c. \u0648. \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628. \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1958\u060c \u063519 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. () \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 \u0635 77\u060c78. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. () Carl Stephenson, Mediaeval feudaalism, Cornell University Press, london, 1942, p11. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. () \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0641\u0638 ( \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0633 ) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0633 (vasus) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627): \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635268. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643: \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999\u060c \u063555. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  12. () Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted, Oxford\n

    University Press, new york, 1996, p23. \u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n

  13. () John. L. LaMonte, World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation of Medieval History, 1st\n

    edition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, new york, 1949, p213. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n

  14. () \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u06491095-1099\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635103. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  15. () \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u063534. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  16. () \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635131. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  17. () Liam. O. ,Purdon ,and Cindy .L.Vitto, The Rusted hauberk : feudal ideals of order and their decline, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1994,p14. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  18. () \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0629 92-206\u0647\/714-815 \u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 1987\u060c \u0635106. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  19. () Joseph.R .Strayer, and others, Western Europe in the Middle Ages: A Short History, 1st edition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, new york, 1955, p60. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  20. () \u0633. \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0646. \u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635141 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  21. () \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0635 434 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  22. () \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635140. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  23. () \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. () \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2020\u060c \u063524. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  25. () \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2004\u060c \u0635168. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  26. ()\u200e john\u200e France, Western Warfare in the age of the Crusades(1000-1300) ,University of Wales press, Swansea ,p53\u200e \u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  27. () \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0635131. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  28. () \u0644. \u0645. \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c. \u0648 \u062c. \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c\u200f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c\u200f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1984\u060c \u0635143 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  29. ) Strayer, The Western Eorup, p61\u200f) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  30. () \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u060c \u0635\u200e334\u200e\u200f . \u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  31. () \u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0635 141 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  32. () \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  33. () Charles Mills, The History of Chivalry or Knighthood and its times, vol1, Longman press,london, 1826, p43\u200e\u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  34. () Brian Tierney, and\u200e Sidney Painter,\u200e Western Europe in the Middle Ages 300-1475, 4th edition, publisher Alfred Knopf, new york, 1983, p291 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  35. () \u0647\u0640. \u0648. \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1958\u060c \u0635 333 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  36. () \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1966\u060c \u06356. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  37. () \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635147. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  38. () \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 : \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06375\u060c 1977\u060c \u0635 333 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  39. () \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  40. () \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1969\u060c \u0635 131. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  41. () \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  42. () \u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0635141 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  43. () \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635\u200e146. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  44. () \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u060c \u0635 11 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  45. () \u0641\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0635 131 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  46. () \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635\u200e\u200f147.\u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  47. () \u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u060c \u0635 134 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  48. () \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635\u200e\u200f147.\u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  49. () \u0625\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017\u060c \u063595. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  50. () \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635344 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  51. () \u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u060c \u0635 341 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  52. () \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635\u200e\u200f149.\u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  53. () \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0635113 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  54. () \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u063531 . \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  55. () \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635\u200e343\u200e\u200f .\u200f \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0623. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a1 1 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: aa24083@gmail.com HNSJ, 2022, 3(2); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3226 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/02\/2022\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 25\/01\/2022\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2923","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2923","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2923"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2923\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2978,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2923\/revisions\/2978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2923"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}