{"id":2505,"date":"2022-01-02T13:25:45","date_gmt":"2022-01-02T13:25:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=2505"},"modified":"2022-01-02T13:25:50","modified_gmt":"2022-01-02T13:25:50","slug":"3-1-17","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/3-1-17\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a1<\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u062a\u0648\u06342<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: zenaalyounis@yahoo.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d \u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(1); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3117<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/01\/2022\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 21\/12\/2021\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

Fermentation and the development of the fermenters industry<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wael Ali Swadi1<\/sup><\/strong>, Alaa Abdul Hussein2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Food Science Department, Agriculture College-Basrah University, Iraq<\/p>\n

Email: zenaalyounis@yahoo.com<\/p>\n

Scanning electron microscope unit, college of pharmacy, university of Basrah, Iraq.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2022, 3(1); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj3117<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/01\/2022 Accepted at 21\/12\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

Fermentation is a biological process that has been used since ancient times to produce food products with long shelf life and high sensory properties. The majority of fermented foods can be stored at ambient temperatures as various fermentation processes boost the nutritional content or the capacity to digest food into basic simple molecules. Bioreactors of different types have become more popular in biological sciences and biotechnologies, which has reinforced the need for innovative engineering designs as well as the development of bioreactor research and technology. The use of computers to control the fermentation processes is a significant step forward in the evolution of bioreactors, which have become extremely durable and efficient. However, a fermenter is an equipment supposed to provide the optimum conditions for the growth of organisms that are employed in the fermentation process of a variety of products, such as alcoholic beverages, enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, vaccines, and hormones. Moreover, pH, temperature, fluid velocity, stirring and mixing speed, aeration, cooling, heating, and feeding rates are all variables that must be monitored and regulated during the fermentation process.<\/p>\n

\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 Fermantation<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/a> description<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

History<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
An ancient Chinese civilization made an alcoholic drink similar to beer called (kui), made from rice, honey, grapes and hawthorn.<\/td>\n7000 BC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A recipe for making beer found on clay tablets dating back to the ancient Babylonian civilization, it is interesting that most of the beer makers were women, and it was a field of work that enjoyed a lot of respect and was determined by the protection of God<\/td>\n4300 BC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The ancient Egyptians used molds to ferment bread and make beer, which was the most common ingredient in their meals. The Egyptians also made fermented dairy products, such as cheese, yogurt, and butter.<\/td>\n32000-3500 BC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The first texts of how to pickle cucumbers were found in the Middle East<\/td>\n2000 BC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The ancient Babylonians developed techniques for preserving sausages<\/td>\n1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fermentation of vegetables was widespread in ancient China<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brewing tea is believed to have appeared in China. The name (kombucha) came from Japan later in 400 AD<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Extensive development of the legume fermentation process. Examples of finished products are miso, dosa and sake<\/td>\n500-1000 AD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Ross et al. (2002)5, Prajapati and Nair (2003)6<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (9) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1944) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 (\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1914-1918) \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1930 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1934\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 (Strauch and Schmidt) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a (Hindustan Antibiotic Ltd.\u060c Pimpri\u060c Pune) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a Design of Fermen<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 (\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637).<\/p>\n

(2) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 O2<\/sub>\u060c<\/p>\n

(3) \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c<\/p>\n

(4) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645\u060c<\/p>\n

(5) \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631).<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 20-25\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064b\u0627 “\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633” \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (10,11).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 (\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631).<\/li>\n
  2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 (\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \/ \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n
  3. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 (\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629).<\/li>\n
  4. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n
  5. \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a).<\/li>\n
  6. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (12)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 (13).<\/p>\n

    \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a (12).<\/p>\n

    \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 TYPES OF FERMENTATION PROCESSES \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 Submerged Cultivation <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (14).<\/p>\n

    \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 Batch Cultivation<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \/ \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a). \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u064a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645\u0629. (15),(16)<\/p>\n

    \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 (17)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a<\/p>\n