{"id":18023,"date":"2026-10-03T14:44:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T14:44:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-10-46\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T14:50:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T14:50:23","slug":"7-10-46","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-10-46\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 46"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645. \u062f. \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p>\u00b9 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Zinab.th.alfars@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Eng. Dr. Zainab Thamer Hamidi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research \u2013 Parapsychological Research Center, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> Zinab.th.alfars@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/46' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/46<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/46' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/46<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (10). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 905 - 923<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue10\/7-10-46.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Dr. Zainab Thamer Hamidi\u00b9&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645. \u062f. \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u00b9&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629)&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2026&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-46\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2026-10-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Hamidi Z. T. (2026). International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamidi Zainab Thamer. 2026. \\&quot;International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamidi Z. T. 2026. International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-10-01. [Cited 2026-10-03]. 7(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-46\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamidi Z. T. International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-10-01; 7(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamidi Z. T, \\&quot;International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamidi Zainab Thamer. \\&quot;International Jurisdiction over Personal Data Disputes Involving Global Digital Platforms: A Comparative Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/46&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0632. \u062b. 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study addresses international jurisdiction over personal data disputes arising from the activities of global digital platforms, amid multiple territorial connections and divergent comparative legal frameworks. It aims to analyze the traditional bases of jurisdiction in private international law and compare them with developments brought about by digital transformation, focusing on European and American regulation and selected Arab approaches. The study adopts a comparative analytical methodology, examining legislation and judicial decisions in light of digital sovereignty and legal certainty. The findings indicate that traditional territorial rules are insufficient to accommodate the intangible nature of digital data, while uncoordinated extraterritorial expansion may produce positive or negative conflicts of jurisdiction. The study also finds that the European model offers advanced protection through extraterritorial application and reliance on the data subject\u2019s residence, whereas the American system relies on the minimum contacts doctrine. Arab legal systems still need further development of rules suited to the digital environment. The study concludes that balanced digital connecting factors, stronger international judicial cooperation, and an internationally coordinated framework are needed to reconcile the protection of digital rights with respect for state sovereignty.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> International jurisdiction; Personal data; Digital sovereignty; Jurisdictional conflict; Legal certainty.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 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justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 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https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/word-image-18023-1-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/word-image-18023-1-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/word-image-18023-1-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/word-image-18023-1-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1 . \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) 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justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a ( Minimum Contacts)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645 International Shoe Co. v. Washington \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 1945\u061b Walden v. Fiore, 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a ( Effects Doctrine)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 (Walden v. Fiore, 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 ( Targeting)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c 2023\u061b EDPB, 2019).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a (Minimum Contacts)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 (Effects Doctrine)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 (Targeting)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (GDPR)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3(2) \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c 2016\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3\u061b EDPB, 2019).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 79(2) \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c 2016\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 3 \u064879).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 79(2) \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c 2016\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 79(2)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 (EDPB, 2019\u060c \u0635 6\u20137).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 (International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 1945\u061b Walden v. Fiore, 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (Minimum Contacts)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 (Walden v. Fiore, 2014) .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645 Walden v. Fiore \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 (Walden v. Fiore, 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 (Due Process)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 (Walden v. Fiore, 2014)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u062a.\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 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(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f (GDPR)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a + \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 79(2)<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amira, F. \u201c\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \/ Challenges and Prospects of the State Sovereignty over Its Continental Shelf.\u201d <em>Annales de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Alger<\/em> 37, no. 3 (2023): 06\u201323.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amira, F. (2023). Challenges and prospects of state sovereignty over its continental shelf. Annales de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Alger, 37(3), 6\u201323.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u201c\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 5, no. 11 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj511\/29.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shami, Hadiya, and Zina Mohammed Saadoun. (2024). Conditions for the legality of electronic surveillance (audio and video) in criminal evidence. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 5(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj511\/29.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0622\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645. \u0639. \u201c\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629).\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 6, no. 10 (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj610\/2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adam, M. A. (2025). Challenges in applying the New York Convention to international sales disputes between recognition of arbitral awards and national sovereignty A comparative study. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 6(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj610\/2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u201c\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 5, no. 5 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj55\/15.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ukaili, Anwar Kadhim Hussein, and Odin Salloum. (2024). Establishing the jurisdiction of Iraqi courts on the basis of nationality. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 5(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj55\/15.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a. \u0628. \u0639. \u0627. \u201c\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.\u201d <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> 49, no. 49 (2025): 3279\u20133365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jlr.2025.372748.1715.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bin Bajad, T. B. A. A. (2025). The parties\u2019 agreement to mediation in litigation under the Saudi Commercial Courts Law A comparative study with Islamic jurisprudence. Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Research, 49(49), 3279\u20133365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jlr.2025.372748.1715.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.\u201d <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em> 24, no. 1 (2023): 189\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jpsa.2023.279877.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gamal El-Din, H. (2023). Cybersecurity and transformation in the international system. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, 24(1), 189\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jpsa.2023.279877.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641. \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 6, no. 9 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj69\/40.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamza Abdul Latif Mohammed Raouf. (2025). The role of specialized commissions in protecting human rights. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 6(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj69\/40.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 3, no. 8 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj381.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Habashneh, Amal Khalaf. (2022). Information protection in remote trials. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 3(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj381.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629. \u201c\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.\u201d <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/em> 3, no. 3 (2022): 679\u2013738.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zain Al-Abidin, and Marwa. (2022). The impact of the changing concept of sovereignty on jurisdiction over cybercrimes. International Journal of Jurisprudence Judiciary and Legislation, 3(3), 679\u2013738.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633.\u060c \u0648\u0647. \u0639\u0648\u0636. \u201c\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629.\u201d <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> 42, no. 42 (2023): 2309\u20132402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jlr.2023.208655.1210.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sulami, S., and H. Awad. (2023). Rules of international jurisdiction over electronic contract disputes under Saudi law A comparative study. Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Research, 42(42), 2309\u20132402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jlr.2023.208655.1210.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 5, no. 10 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj510\/21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shaimaa Alwan Hassan. (2024). Legal difficulties in combating cybercrime. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 5(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj510\/21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623. \u201c\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.\u201d <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> 43, no. 43 (2023): 765\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jlr.2023.231673.1265.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Ghaffar, A. (2023). The principle of individual digital sovereignty over data. Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Research, 43(43), 765\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jlr.2023.231673.1265.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 6, no. 9 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj67\/45.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adhraa Ahmed Issa Insaf. (2025). Legal protection provided in electronic sales contracts. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 6(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj67\/45.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0643. \u201c\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629).\u201d <em>Kufa Journal of Arts<\/em> 1, no. 56 (2023): 495\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36317\/kaj\/2023\/v1.i56.11647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kadhim, K. (2023). The impact of determining international jurisdiction on consumer protection in electronic consumer contracts A comparative study. Kufa Journal of Arts, 1(56), 495\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36317\/kaj\/2023\/v1.i56.11647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. <em>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zubr, Mohammed Adnan Ali. (2022). Achieving international criminal justice A study of the scope of national jurisdiction. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0631. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 6, no. 8 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj68\/36.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mansouri, Mohammed Kadhim Hadi Anjour. (2025). The legislative reality of cybersecurity in Iraq Challenges and aspirations. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 6(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj68\/36.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b).\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 5, no. 6 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj57\/21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nawras Issa Khairan. (2024). Legal regulation of the work of the constitutional judiciary Iraq as a model. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 5(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj57\/21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u201c\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.\u201d <em>Humanitarian and Natural Sciences Journal<\/em> 6, no. 2 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj63\/5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hanadi Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Obaidan. (2025). The development of diplomacy and the multiplicity of its roles. Humanities and Natural Sciences Journal, 6(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj63\/5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062c. \u201c\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629).\u201d <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/em> 44, no. 44 (2024): 2311\u20132409.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saad, and Mostafa Al-Sayed Farag. (2024). Electronic arbitration procedures in electronic commerce contract disputes A comparative study of Arab legislation. Journal of Sharia and Law in Cairo, 44(44), 2311\u20132409.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c 2016. \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a 2016\/679 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629 27 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2016\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c L119\u060c 1\u201388. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 3 \u064879. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">European Parliament and Council. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. Official Journal of the European Union, L119, 1\u201388. Articles 3 and 79. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">European Data Protection Board (EDPB). (2019). Guidelines 3\/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), version 2.1. Adopted 12 November 2019; formatting update 7 January 2020. https:\/\/www.edpb.europa.eu\/system\/files\/documents\/files\/file1\/edpb_guidelines_3_2018_territorial_scope_after_public_consultation_en_1.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Supreme Court of the United States. (1945). International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310. https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/326\/310<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Supreme Court of the United States. (2014). Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277. https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/pdf\/12-574.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2. https:\/\/dgp.sdaia.gov.sa\/wps\/portal\/pdp\/knowledgecenter\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). (n.d.). Guide to the Saudi Personal Data Protection Law for Controllers and Processors. Scope of the PDPL, Article 2. https:\/\/dgp.sdaia.gov.sa\/wps\/portal\/pdp\/knowledgecenter\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-18023","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18023","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18023"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18023\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18031,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18023\/revisions\/18031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}