{"id":17984,"date":"2026-10-01T09:31:38","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T09:31:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-10-11\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T13:32:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T13:32:16","slug":"7-10-11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-10-11\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 11"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p>\u00b9  \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: omerbakryacademic@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>OMER BAKRY MOHAMEDALI\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 PhD Candidate, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> omerbakryacademic@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (10). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 175 - 202<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-05 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-09-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue10\/7-10-11.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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B. M.. (2026). Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ali, Omar Bakri Mohammed. 2026. \\&quot;Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ali, O. B. M.. 2026. Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-10-01. [Cited 2026-10-21]. 7(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ali, O. B. M.. Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-10-01; 7(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ali, O. B. M., \\&quot;Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ali, Omar Bakri Mohammed. \\&quot;Militarily or Diplomatically: How Will the War in Sudan End.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639. \u0628. \u0645. (2026). \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2026. \u00ab\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061f\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639. \u0628. \u0645. \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-10-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-10-21]. 7(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639. \u0628. \u0645. \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-10-01\u061b 7(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639. \u0628. \u0645. \u00ab\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061f\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u00ab\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the possible scenarios for ending the war that erupted in Sudan in April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces. It assesses the prospects for a decisive military outcome, the opportunities for a political and diplomatic settlement, and the consequences of a prolonged stalemate. The study adopts a comparative analytical approach, drawing on developments in the conflict and experiences from Sudan and the wider region while accounting for differences in context. The analysis suggests that the improved position of the Sudanese Armed Forces and the expansion of their supporting coalition are insufficient, on their own, to bring the war to an end, given the proliferation of armed groups and the interplay of domestic and regional interests. A political settlement remains the most plausible path to a lasting end to the conflict, provided it goes beyond a ceasefire to address security sector reform, the future of the Rapid Support Forces and other armed groups, broader civilian participation, justice, and accountability. A prolonged stalemate, by contrast, risks deepening the humanitarian crisis and the war economy, entrenching competing centres of authority, and increasing the risks of state fragmentation and separatist pressures in Darfur. The study concludes that combining an end to the fighting with a comprehensive political settlement and the rebuilding of state institutions offers the strongest prospect of preventing renewed conflict. These scenarios remain analytical assessments that may change as conditions on the ground evolve.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Sudan war; military victory; political settlement; Darfur.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623.\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0645. (6 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2024). \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u064e\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u063a\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/Lists\/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary\/mediation-breakdown-in-sudan-a-reading-of-the-failed-jeddah-and-igad-initiatives.pdf\">https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/Lists\/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary\/mediation-breakdown-in-sudan-a-reading-of-the-failed-jeddah-and-igad-initiatives.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Idris, A., &amp; Dagash, M. (6 August 2024). The failure of mediation initiatives to end the war in Sudan: An examination of why the Jeddah and IGAD initiatives faltered. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/Lists\/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary\/mediation-breakdown-in-sudan-a-reading-of-the-failed-jeddah-and-igad-initiatives.pdf\">https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/Lists\/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary\/mediation-breakdown-in-sudan-a-reading-of-the-failed-jeddah-and-igad-initiatives.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. (19 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2026). \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646. <a href=\"https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article\/314145?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article\/314145<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sudan Tribune. (19 May 2026). Defections and erosion of the core deepen the Rapid Support Forces\u2019 crisis. <a href=\"https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article\/314145?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article\/314145<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645. \u0639. (3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2025). \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com\/node\/618909\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1\/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%9F\">https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com\/node\/618909\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ismail, M. A. (3 March 2025). How can the divisions among Sudanese parties be stopped? Independent Arabia. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com\/node\/618909\/\">https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com\/node\/618909\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0634\u060c \u062a. (2024). \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2023: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c 13(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Demirta\u015f, T. (2024). Understanding the 2023 Sudanese civil war: Historical roots, current dynamics, and future prospects. Turkish Vision, 13(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0644 \u0623. \u0645. (2023). \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31752\/idea.2023.60\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31752\/idea.2023.60<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Assal, M. A. M. (2023). War in Sudan 15 April 2023: Background, analysis and scenarios. International IDEA. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31752\/idea.2023.60\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31752\/idea.2023.60<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623. (16 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024). \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.majalla.com\/node\/316736\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86\">https:\/\/www.majalla.com\/node\/316736\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Farid, A. (16 May 2024). Scenarios for ending the war in Sudan. Al Majalla. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.majalla.com\/node\/316736\/\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\/\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a-\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628-\u0641\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\">https:\/\/www.majalla.com\/node\/316736\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c 61(3)\u060c 413\u2013437. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022278X23000174\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022278X23000174<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Verhoeven, H. (2023). Surviving revolution and democratisation: The Sudan armed forces, state fragility and security competition. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 61(3), 413\u2013437. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022278X23000174\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022278X23000174<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 | \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.. \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629. (24 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026). \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kMGjRgMH7YI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kMGjRgMH7YI<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al Jazeera. (24 August 2026). Interview: Sudan between war and settlement\u2014Malik Agar discusses prospects for ending the conflict and the risks of the next phase. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kMGjRgMH7YI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kMGjRgMH7YI<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645. \u0633. (2010). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammed, M. S. (2010). Sudan: Wars of resources and identity. Dar Azza for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633. (29 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024). \u00ab\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00bb.. \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2024\/12\/29\/\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646-\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646-\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2024\/12\/29\/\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646-\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646-\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammed Zakaria Khamis. (29 December 2024). \u201cVolunteer battalions\u201d: Civilians take up arms to defend El Fasher. Al Jazeera. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2024\/12\/29\/\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646-\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646-\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2024\/12\/29\/\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646-\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646-\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. (6 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025). \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2025\/11\/6\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2025\/11\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nizar Abdullah Bashir. (6 November 2025). Sudanese \u201cpopular resistance\u201d announces general mobilization. Al Jazeera. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2025\/11\/6\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629-\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646-\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2025\/11\/6\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629-\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646-\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/ar\/world\/QP5GQDMOHBIBJCWO2TW2GUJSDQ-2026-06-22\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/ar\/world\/QP5GQDMOHBIBJCWO2TW2GUJSDQ-2026-06-22\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Siddig, A. (2026). Sudanese army incorporates defecting Rapid Support Forces leaders in Darfur. Reuters. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/ar\/world\/QP5GQDMOHBIBJCWO2TW2GUJSDQ-2026-06-22\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/ar\/world\/QP5GQDMOHBIBJCWO2TW2GUJSDQ-2026-06-22\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. (13 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2019). \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. <a href=\"https:\/\/uncatenated10.rssing.com\/chan-6580459\/article105003.html?nocache=0\">https:\/\/uncatenated10.rssing.com\/chan-6580459\/article105003.html?nocache=0<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al Khaleej. (13 July 2019). Sudanese Transitional Council: Our support for the revolution is genuine. <a href=\"https:\/\/uncatenated10.rssing.com\/chan-6580459\/article105003.html?nocache=0\">https:\/\/uncatenated10.rssing.com\/chan-6580459\/article105003.html?nocache=0<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abbas, R. (2023, July 26). Money is power: Hemedti and the RSF\u2019s paramilitary industrial complex in Sudan. The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ali, A. M., Birru, J. G., &amp; Eltayeb, N. (2025, April 15). Two years of war in Sudan: How the SAF is gaining the upper hand. ACLED. <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/report\/two-years-war-sudan-how-saf-gaining-upper-hand?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/acleddata.com\/report\/two-years-war-sudan-how-saf-gaining-upper-hand<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ali, H. (2024). The war in Sudan: How weapons and networks shattered a power struggle. GIGA Focus Middle East, 2. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57671\/gfme-24022\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57671\/gfme-24022<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De Waal, A. (2022). The conflict in Darfur, Sudan: Background and overview. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Flint, J. (2009). Beyond \u201cJanjaweed\u201d: Understanding the militias of Darfur. Small Arms Survey, Geneva.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamza, M. M. (2024). Darfur\u2019s armed movements: Evolution of roles and relations with actors in light of the April 15 war. The Journal of Social Encounters, 8(2), 159\u2013182.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Igboke, S., Joseph, A., Ojo, I., &amp; Chukwuma, O. (2026). Evolving Sudanese crises and maritime security in the Red Sea and its implications on Northeast Africa. Social Science Reports, 26, 113\u2013125. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51470\/SSR.2026.10.01.125?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51470\/SSR.2026.10.01.125<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">International Crisis Group. (2025, January 21). Sudan\u2019s calamitous war: Finding a path toward peace. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-01\/b204-sudan-calamitous-war.pdf\">https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-01\/b204-sudan-calamitous-war.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Johnson, D. H. (2003). The root causes of Sudan\u2019s civil wars. Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces. (2023, November 16). Sudan Tribune. <a href=\"https:\/\/sudantribune.com\/article\/279446\">https:\/\/sudantribune.com\/article\/279446<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lechner, J. (2025). A history of outsourced violence: The rise of the Rapid Support Forces, Libyan National Army, and Wagner Group.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saeed, S. A. (2024). Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration initiatives in Sudan: A brief summary. International IDEA. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31752\/idea.2024.27\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31752\/idea.2024.27<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shea, J. (2026, June 18). Why isn\u2019t the EU calling out the UAE for its role in the Sudan crisis? Human Rights Watch. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2026\/06\/18\/why-isnt-the-eu-calling-out-the-uae-for-its-role-in-the-sudan-crisis\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2026\/06\/18\/why-isnt-the-eu-calling-out-the-uae-for-its-role-in-the-sudan-crisis<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Studies, A. C. f. S. (2024). Mapping the armed actors in the Sudan conflict. National Defense University. <a href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/sudan-conflict-armed-actors\/\">https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/sudan-conflict-armed-actors\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">United Nations Human Rights Council. (2026). Fuelling Sudan\u2019s conflict: Weapons, fighters and external support networks. Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan (A\/HRC\/63\/23). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/hrbodies\/hrcouncil\/sessions-regular\/session63\/advance-versions\/a-hrc-63-23-auv.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/hrbodies\/hrcouncil\/sessions-regular\/session63\/advance-versions\/a-hrc-63-23-auv.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">United Nations Security Council, Panel of Experts on the Sudan. (2024, January 15). Letter dated 15 January 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4039195?v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4039195?v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dr. Mohammed Abdulrahman Hamad, Y. (2025). The war in Sudan (April 2023): Its local and international effects and repercussions. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(12). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj612\/47\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj612\/47<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u062a\u064a : \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. 22.4.2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljarida.com\/article\/21973\">https:\/\/www.aljarida.com\/article\/21973<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() U. P. o. E. E. p. t. S. C. R. (15 Jan. 2024). <em>Letter dated 15 January 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council<\/em>. https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4039195?v=pdf (page 2\/52) <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <em>Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces<\/em>. Sudan Tribune. (16 NOV 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/sudantribune.com\/article\/279446\">https:\/\/sudantribune.com\/article\/279446<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. 6.11.2024 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() U. P. o. E. E. p. t. S. C. R. (15 Jan. 2024). <em>Letter dated 15 January 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council<\/em>. https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4039195?v=pdf (page 20\/52) <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0645.\u0632.\u062e. &#8220;\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646&#8221;..\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 30.12.2024 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 | \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.. \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. 24 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632 22 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2026 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646. 19 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2026 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 | \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.. \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. 24 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Flint, J. (2009). <em>Beyond&#8217;Janjaweed&#8217;: Understanding the Militias of Darfur<\/em>. Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Page 18 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. 13 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2019 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()(15 Jan. 2024). <em>Letter dated 15 January 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council<\/em>. (page 2\/52) <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() (15 Jan. 2024). <em>Letter dated 15 January 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council<\/em>. (Page 13\/52) <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <em>Council, H. R. (7 September\u20139 October 2026). Fuelling Sudan\u2019s conflict: weapons, fighters and external support networks. Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan(Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Issue.<\/em> Page 11 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() (15 Jan. 2024). <em>Letter dated 15 January 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council<\/em>. (Page 14\/52) <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Mat Nashed. Sudan residents describe raids, evictions by RSF soldiers. 7 May 2023. Aljazeera <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/5\/7\/sudan-residents-describe-looting-evictions-by-rsf\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/5\/7\/sudan-residents-describe-looting-evictions-by-rsf<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Ali, A. M., Birru, J. G., &amp; Eltayed, N. (15 April 2025). <em>Two years of war in Sudan: How the SAF is gaining the upper hand<\/em>. ACLED. <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/report\/two-years-war-sudan-how-saf-gaining-upper-hand\">https:\/\/acleddata.com\/report\/two-years-war-sudan-how-saf-gaining-upper-hand<\/a> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <em>Council, H. R. (7 September\u20139 October 2026). Fuelling Sudan\u2019s conflict: weapons, fighters and external support networks. Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan(Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Issue.<\/em> Page 11 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Dr. Mohammed Abdulrahman Hamad, Y. (2025). The war in Sudan (April 2023): its local and international effects and repercussions. <em>Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal<\/em>,<em> 6<\/em>(12) page 713 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a id=\"post-17984-_Hlk239780372\"><\/a>Council, H. R. 7 September\u20139 October 2026 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Issue. Page 15 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Council, H. R. 7 September\u20139 October 2026 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General page 10 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f, \u0627. (16.5.2024). \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Group, I. C. (21 January 2025). <em>Sudan\u2019s Calamitous War: Finding a Path toward Peace<\/em>. Page 7-9 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633, \u0627., &amp; \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0634, \u0645. (6.8.2024). \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u062b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u064e\u062a\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u063a\u0627\u062f. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/em> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <em>Council, H. R. (7 September\u20139 October 2026). Fuelling Sudan\u2019s conflict: weapons, fighters and external support networks. Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan(Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Issue page 7<\/em> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() <a href=\"https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article\/278989#googlevignette\">https:\/\/sudantribune.net\/article\/278989#googlevignette<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646. 3 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633, \u0627., &amp; \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0634, \u0645. (6.8.2024). \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u062b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u064e\u062a\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u063a\u0627\u062f. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/em> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 | \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.. \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. 24 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646. 19 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2026 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645.\u0639.3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2025 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() DEM\u0130RTA\u015e, T. (Aug,5,2024). &#8220;\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2023: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.&#8221; \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 13 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f3 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 180-187 <\/strong> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() H. R. Watch. Shea, J. (June 18, 2026 ). <em>Why Isn\u2019t the EU Calling Out the UAE for Its Role in the Sudan Crisis?<\/em> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>()<\/sup> Dr. Mohammed Abdulrahman Hamad, Y. (2025). The war in Sudan (April 2023): its local and international effects and repercussions. <em>Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal<\/em>,<em> 6<\/em>(12) page 719 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Dr. Mohammed Abdulrahman Hamad, Y. (2025). The war in Sudan (April 2023): its local and international effects and repercussions. <em>Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal<\/em>,<em> 6<\/em>(12) page 715 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() Igboke, S., Joseph, A., Ojo, I., &amp; Chukwuma, O. (2026). Evolving Sudanese Crises and Maritime Security in the red Sea and its implications on Northeast Africa. <em>Social Science Reports<\/em>,<em> 26<\/em>, 125- 113 <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17984-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() DEM\u0130RTA\u015e, T. (Aug,5,2024). &#8220;\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2023: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.&#8221; \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 13 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 3<\/strong> <a href=\"#post-17984-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17984","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17984","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17984"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17984\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18047,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17984\/revisions\/18047"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17984"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}