{"id":17983,"date":"2026-10-01T09:31:37","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T09:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-10-10\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T13:29:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T13:29:58","slug":"7-10-10","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-10-10\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 10"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Mona W. Abdalla [<sup>1<\/sup>]; Yasir Mohammed Abdelrahim[<sup>2<\/sup>]; Abdalla, A. I. [<sup>3<\/sup>] and Mutaman A. A. Kehail[<sup>4<\/sup>]<\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p>[1] Department of Food Eng. and Technology, Faculty of Eng. and Tech., University of Gezira, Sudan<\/p><p>[2] Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Gezira, Sudan<\/p><p>[3] Department of Envir. Health, Faculty of Environ. Health Science, University of Gezira, Sudan<\/p><p>[4] Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gezira, Sudan<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/10' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj710\/10<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/10' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/710\/10<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (10). Pages:<\/strong> 168 - 174<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-09-05 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-09-15 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-10-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue10\/7-10-10.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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Kehail[]&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2026&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-10\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2026-10-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;. (2026). Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;. 2026. \\&quot;Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 10. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;. 2026. Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-10-01. [Cited 2026-10-21]. 7(10). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-10\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;. Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-10-01; 7(10). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;, \\&quot;Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;. \\&quot;Antibacterial activity of Hydro-ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Gezira State, Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, 2026-10-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Abdalla M. W; Abdelrahim Y. M; Abdalla, A. I and Kehail M. A. A. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Abdalla Mona W; Abdelrahim Yasir Mohammed; Abdalla, A. I. and Kehail Mutaman A. A. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(10). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Abdalla M. W; Abdelrahim Y. M; Abdalla, A. I and Kehail M. A. A. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-10-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-10-21]. 7(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-10-10\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Abdalla M. W; Abdelrahim Y. M; Abdalla, A. I and Kehail M. A. A. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-10-01\u061b 7(10). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Abdalla M. W; Abdelrahim Y. M; Abdalla, A. I and Kehail M. A. A. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Abdalla Mona W; Abdelrahim Yasir Mohammed; Abdalla, A. I. and Kehail Mutaman A. A. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 10\u060c 2026-10-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj710\\\/10&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Plants as a source of medicinal compound have continued to play a vital role in the maintenance of human health since ancient times. The present study aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of Acacia nilotica fruit and Punica granatum peel against the local strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The plant materials and the target microorganisms were brought from within Wad Medani City, Gezira State, Sudan. The standard methods of preparation of hydro-ethanol extracts, purifying and culturing microorganisms, and bioassay antibacterial activity tests were carefully followed. The results of this study revealed that, the lower concentration (1.14 mg\/ml) of the hydro-ethanol extract of A. nilotica fruit produced a mean of 5.3+0.3 mm inhibition zone on E. coli, and 6.67+0.3 mm on S. aureus, whereas, the higher concentration (92.0 mg\/ml) show inhibition zones of 12.67+0.67 mm on E. coli strain and 13.3+0.3 mm on S. aureus strain. The lower concentration (0.72 mg\/ml) of the hydro-ethanol extract of pomegranate peel produced a mean of 6.7+0.67 mm inhibition zone on E. coli, and 6.7+0.67 mm on S. aureus, whereas, the higher concentration (89.32 mg\/ml) show inhibition zones of 11.3+0.3 mm on E. coli strain and 12.0+0.0 mm on S. aureus strain. It was noticed that, S. aureus was relatively similar in its susceptible to E. coli strain against both plant extracts, but not against penicillin antibiotic. The study recommends running further studies that focuses on other local natural products within the study area, also on other pathogens.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Antibacterial, A. nilotica, P. granatum, E. coli, S. aureus, Gezira, Sudan.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a (Acacia nilotica) \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Punica granatum) \u0636\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (E. coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus). \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u064f\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (1.14 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645\/\u0645\u0644) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u200e5.3+0.3\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u200e6.67+0.3\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (92.0 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645\/\u0645\u0644) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u200e12.67+0.67\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u200e13.3+0.3\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (0.72 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645\/\u0645\u0644) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u200e6.7+0.67\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (89.32 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645\/\u0645\u0644) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u200e11.3+0.3\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u200e12.0+0.0\u200e \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Escherichia coli <\/em>(abbreviated as <em>E. coli<\/em><strong>)<\/strong>,\u00a0is a\u00a0Gram-negative,\u00a0facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped,\u00a0coliform bacterium\u00a0of the genus\u00a0<em>Escherichia<\/em>\u00a0that is commonly found in the lower\u00a0intestine\u00a0of\u00a0warm-blooded\u00a0organisms (Tenaillon <em>et al<\/em>., 2010).\u00a0Most\u00a0<em>E. coli<\/em>\u00a0strains are harmless, but some\u00a0serotypes\u00a0can cause serious\u00a0food poisoning\u00a0in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for\u00a0food contamination\u00a0incidents that prompt product recalls (CDC, 2012).\u00a0Multidrug resistance in\u00a0<em>E. coli<\/em>\u00a0has become a worrying issue in human and in veterinary medicine worldwide.\u00a0The most problematic mechanisms in\u00a0<em>E. coli<\/em> correspond to the acquisition of genes coding for extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases, carbapenemases, 16S rRNA methylases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, and\u00a0<em>mcr<\/em>\u00a0genes. <em>E. coli<\/em>\u00a0show resistances to tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and Fosfomycin, because of the massive use of antimicrobial agents in medicine (Poirel <em>et al<\/em>., 2017).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>\u00a0is a\u00a0gram-positive\u00a0spherically shaped\u00a0bacterium and facultative anaerobic, nonmotile and does not form spores. When viewed with microscope, they formed large round golden-yellow colonies on blood agar plate. An estimated 21% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of\u00a0<em>S. aureus<\/em> (Tong <em>et al<\/em>., 2015),\u00a0which can be found as part of the normal\u00a0skin microbiota, in the\u00a0nostrils,\u00a0and as a normal inhabitant\u00a0of the lower\u00a0reproductive tract\u00a0of females (Hoffman, 2012).\u00a0<em>S. aureus<\/em>\u00a0has developed an adaptive mechanism to tolerate hypothiocyanous acid\u00a0(HOSCN), a potent oxidant produced by the human immune system (Loi <em>et al<\/em>., 2023).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Antibiotic resistance in\u00a0<em>S. aureus<\/em>\u00a0was uncommon when penicillin was first introduced in 1943. Hospital\u00a0<em>S. aureus<\/em>\u00a0isolates were penicillin-resistant. Minor skin infections can be treated with\u00a0triple antibiotic ointment (Bonomo <em>et al<\/em>., 2007).\u00a0One topical agent that is prescribed is\u00a0mupirocin, a protein synthesis inhibitor that is produced naturally by <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/em> and has seen success for treatment of <em>S. aureus<\/em> (Archer <em>et al<\/em>., 2011).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Vachellia nilotica<\/em> known as\u00a0<em>Acacia nilotica<\/em>, is a\u00a0flowering\u00a0tree in the family\u00a0Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, the Middle East and the\u00a0Indian subcontinent (Kyalangalilwa <em>et al<\/em>., 2013). In the present commercial market, gum Arabic is defined as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of\u00a0<em>Senegalia (Acacia) senegal<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>Vachellia (Acacia) seyal<\/em>\u00a0in the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The gum of\u00a0<em>A.\u00a0nilotica<\/em>\u00a0is also referred to in India as\u00a0<em>Amaravati gum <\/em>(Rojas-Sandoval, 2023).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The\u00a0pomegranate\u00a0(<em>Punica granatum<\/em>) is a\u00a0fruit-bearing,\u00a0deciduous\u00a0shrub in the family Lythraceae, it is thought to have originated from\u00a0Iran\u00a0also considered to be native to Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan (Holland <em>et al., <\/em>2009). The edible portion of raw pomegranate is 78% water, 19%\u00a0carbohydrates, 2%\u00a0protein, and 1%\u00a0fat. A 100\u00a0g, and provides 11% of the\u00a0Daily Value for\u00a0vitamin C, 14% for\u00a0vitamin K, and 10% for\u00a0folate, while the e seeds are a rich source of\u00a0dietary fiber\u00a0(Stallings <em>et al.,<\/em> 2019).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The antibacterial activities of some of the local natural products against the local drug resistance strains of <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> bacteria are not well updated in Gezira State, Sudan. The current study tried to present a scientific effort to understand to how extend the local materials can be used to solve the problem caused by the drug-resisted bacteria.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Study materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <em>A. nilotica<\/em> fruits, and pomegranate (<em>P. granatum<\/em> L.) peel, were brought from the local market of Wad Medani City, Gezira State, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The identified strains of <em>E. coli<\/em> (O25:H4) and <em>S. aureus<\/em> (SO-1977) were brought from the Microbiology Department, Central Medial Laboratory, University of Gezira.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Preparation of ethanol extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This part was run in the Food Analysis Lab., Fac. Of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira. Three g of each plant dried powder were dissolved separately in 20 ml ethanol in a 50-ml conical flask for 24 hours, and then filtered. The ethanol extract was poured in a clean Petri-dish, and let to evaporate under room temperature.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The weight of the dried extract of each product were used to quantify the concentration of the stock extracted materials (in gm\/ml), and hence, the dilutions prepared from these extracts.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Antibacterial activity tests<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was run in the Microbiology Lab., Fac. Of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, using Disc Diffusion method. Five diluted concentrations (w\/v; gm\/ml) of each product were prepared from the stock concentration, in addition to penicillin (produced by Cityphar Pharmeceutical Industry, Sudan, production date: June 2021) antibiotics at 200 (mg\/ml) as +ve control and distilled water (0.0 concentration) as -ve control. The Lab. was first sterilized completely by 70% ethanol and UV-light.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Isolation of pure culture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A nichrome inoculating loop was used to inoculate the infective bacteria on suitable media. The inoculum was spread into four quadrants of the nutrient agar plate with the help of a nichrome inoculation loop. The loop was sterilized between each successive quadrant streak. The purpose of this technique was to dilute the inoculum sufficiently on the surface of agar medium so that well-defined colonies of bacteria can be obtained. The isolated colonies were sub-cultured individually to obtain pure culture isolates. The pure colonies thus obtained and can be picked up for confirmatory biochemical tests (if necessary).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Preparation of standard inoculum<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pure colonies were picked up with the help of a straight wire and emulsified in a test tube containing saline, and the turbidity was matched with 0.5% McFarland standard containing 1 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup>\u00a0CFU\/ml approximately.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Media preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>For S. aureus strain:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Weight of 28 g of nutrient agar powder (0.5% of peptone, 0.3% yeast extract, 1.5% agar, and 0.5% NaCl) was suspended in 1.0 L distilled water. This mixture was heated, stirred to fully dissolve all components, and autoclaved at 121 \u00ad<sup>o<\/sup>C for 15 minutes. Then allowed to cool but not solidify. When the mixture cooled to 45-50\u00a0\u00b0C, 5% (v\/v) sterile defibrinated blood (that has been warmed to room temperature) was added and\u00a0mixed well. Air bubbles were avoided and pH was adjusted to 7.2 \u2013 7.6. The whole mixture was then dispensed into sterile plates before solidified (Turista and Puspitasari, 2019).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>For E. coli strain:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ten g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 5 g NaCl, and 15 g agar were added and the volume was adjusted to 1000 ml with distilled water. The mixture was autoclaved in conical flask at 121\u00b0C for 30 minutes, let to cool to about 60\u00b0C and then poured into sterile plastic petri dishes. The plates were allowed to cool and solidify at room temperature and pH of 7.0 (Son and Taylor<em>, <\/em>2021).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Each media was then poured in sterile Petri dishes (size of 100 mm \u00d7 15 mm), left to solidify and incubated at 37\u00b0C under aerobic conditions. Each bacteria strain was cultured in its proper media before the antibacterial agents were added, in Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) cabinet, provided with fan, ultra violet lamp and flame. The prepared plates were stored at 4\u00b0C before used.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Bioassay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Using sterile cotton wood swab, <em>S. aureus<\/em> and <em>E. coli<\/em> strains were streaked at the surface of the prepared media (on the Petri-dishes) inside the level-two safety cabinet. After 10 minutes, the excessive solution whenever noticed was aspirated completely out of each Petri-dish. Small disk papers (5 mm diameter) each of which soaked for 5 minutes in only one concentration of the prepared extracts were placed onto the media seeded with the tested bacterial strain, in addition to the negative and the positive control. These procedures were performed under strict aseptic condition. Three replicates of each concentration were done. The Petri-dishes were incubated at 37<sup>o<\/sup>C for 48 h in an incubator. The formation of <em>S. aureus<\/em> and <em>E. coli<\/em> colonies at the negative control Petri-dishes considered the sign to calculate the inhibition zones formed in the rest of the Petri-dishes. The distance (in mm) from the center of the disc paper to the nearest colony was taken as an inhibition zone for each concentration tested. The diameter (mm) of each produced inhibition zone was measured by transparent ruler.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Statistical analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The antimicrobial activity was expressed as inhibition zone (in mm) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to evaluate the obtained results.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>RESULTS <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>A. nilotica<\/em><\/strong> <strong>fruit<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The inhibition zones exerted by the hydro-ethanol extract of <em>A. nilotica<\/em> fruit were recorded in Table (1). The lower concentration (1.14 mg\/ml) produced a mean of 5.3+0.3 mm inhibition zone on <em>E. coli<\/em>, and 6.67+0.3 mm on <em>S. aureus<\/em>, whereas, the higher concentration (92.0 mg\/ml) show inhibition zones of 12.67+0.67 mm on <em>E. coli<\/em> strain and 13.3+0.3 mm on <em>S. aureus<\/em> strain. The positive control produced a mean of 15.3+0.3 mm inhibition zone on <em>E. coli<\/em> strain and 13.3+0.3 mm on <em>S. aureus<\/em> strain.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was noticed that, <em>S. aureus<\/em> was relatively similar in its susceptible to <em>E. coli<\/em> strain against <em>A. nilotica<\/em> fruit extract, but not against penicillin antibiotic.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 1.<\/strong> Inhibition zone (mm) of <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> strains caused by <em>A. nilotica<\/em> fruit hydro-ethanol extract<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Conc (mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>E. coli <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>S. aureus<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mean+SE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean+SD<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0.0<\/td>\n<td><strong>0+0<sup>g<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>0+0<sup>f<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.14<\/td>\n<td><strong>5.3+0.3<sup>f<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>6.67+0.3<sup>e<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4.40<\/td>\n<td><strong>6.82+0.17<sup>e<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>7.7+0.67<sup>d<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10.22<\/td>\n<td><strong>9.16+0.17<sup>d<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>10.3+0.3<sup>c<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>30.66<\/td>\n<td><strong>10.67+0.67<sup>c<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>11.7+0.67<sup>b<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>92.0<\/td>\n<td><strong>12.67+0.67<sup>b<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>13.3+0.3<sup>a<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>200 (Penicillin)<\/td>\n<td><strong>15.3+0.3<sup>a<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>13.3+0.3<sup>a<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a id=\"post-17983-_Hlk233446185\"><\/a><em>Different letters reflected different significant levels<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pomegranate peel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The inhibition zones exerted by the hydro-ethanol extract of pomegranate peel were represented in Table (2). The lower concentration (0.72 mg\/ml) produced a mean of 6.7+0.67 mm inhibition zone on <em>E. coli<\/em>, and 6.7+0.67 mm on <em>S. aureus<\/em>, whereas, the higher concentration (89.32 mg\/ml) show inhibition zones of 11.3+0.3 mm on <em>E. coli<\/em> strain and 12.0+0.0 mm on <em>S. aureus<\/em> strain.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was noticed that, <em>S. aureus<\/em> was relatively similar in its susceptible to <em>E. coli<\/em> strain toward pomegranate peel extract, but not against penicillin antibiotic.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 2.<\/strong> Inhibition zone (mm) of <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> strains caused by pomegranate peel hydro-ethanol extract<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Conc (mg\/ml)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>E. coli <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>S. aureus<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mean+SE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mean+SD<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0.0<\/td>\n<td><strong>0+0<sup>e<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>0+0<sup>e<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0.72<\/td>\n<td><strong>6.7+0.67<sup>d<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>6.7+0.67<sup>d<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2.16<\/td>\n<td><strong>7.5+0.5<sup>d<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>8.0+0.67<sup>d<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6.48<\/td>\n<td><strong>9.3+0.3<sup>c<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>9.7+0.67<sup>c<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19.44<\/td>\n<td><strong>10.7+0.67<sup>b<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>10.7+0.67<sup>c<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>58.32<\/td>\n<td><strong>11.3+0.3<sup>b<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>12.0+0.0<sup>b<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>200 (penicillin)<\/td>\n<td><strong>15.3+0.3<sup>a<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>13.3+0.3<sup>a<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Different letters reflected different significant levels<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n<h1 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To combat the threat of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to discover innovative and effective alternative antibacterial agents. The present work evaluated the antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of five natural products, assuming that, the local strains and the local product are not well studied. May. And as suggested by Singh and Prakash (2012), these products can be easily incorporated in diet without producing any side effect in contrast to the antibiotics.<\/h1>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Many natural products extract that contain flavonoids and terpenoids were found to be active on various\u00a0E.\u00a0coli\u00a0virulence traits. Some of the effects were strikingly specific whereas some were due to non-specific mechanisms (Dubreui, 2020).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">All the tested extracts of the local plant materials showed comparable potent antimicrobial activities against the local strains of <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> bacteria, and agreed to greet extend to the local, regional and international reports.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sidiq et al., 2017 stated that, A. nilotica\u00a0can be a potential source of new antimicrobials, effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli and Salmonella.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In India, <em>Acacia nilotica<\/em> extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 6 to 22 mm and exhibited appreciable activity against all the clinically important bacterial (<em>S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis<\/em>, and <em>E. coli<\/em>) and fungal species (<em>Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporium<\/em> and <em>Dreschlera avenacea<\/em>). Overall maximum Inhibition zone (22 mm) was observed in extract of methanol and chloroform (75:25) against <em>Bacillus subtilis <\/em>and minimum (4 mm) in extract of methanol and chloroform (50:50) against <em>Dreschlera avenacea<\/em> (Kaur <em>et al.,<\/em> 2016)<em>. <\/em>In Sudan, the plant shows promising potential as an alternative antibacterial agent for resistant bacterial strains (Abdelgader <em>et al.,<\/em> 2024).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The water-methanol Pomegranate peel extract demonstrated a remarkable inhibition zone against common food-borne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes,\u00a0S. aureus,\u00a0E. coli\u00a0and\u00a0Yersinia enterocolitica (Singh <em>et al.,<\/em> 2019).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>CONCLUSION <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">All the tested extracts of the local plant materials showed comparable potent antimicrobial activities against the local strains of <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> bacteria. Further studies should focus on the other local natural products and other pathogens within the study area.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Acknowledgments<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The authors extend their appreciation to both Faculty of Science and Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Sudan for assistance with Lab. facilities and their support.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Conflicts of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>REFERENCS<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdelgader, L. M. A.; Ahmed, D. A. M. and Mahjaf, G. M. (2024). 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Doi:\u00a010.29238\/ teknolabjournal. v8i1.155.<\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>INTRODUCTION Escherichia coli (abbreviated as E. coli),\u00a0is a\u00a0Gram-negative,\u00a0facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped,\u00a0coliform bacterium\u00a0of the genus\u00a0Escherichia\u00a0that is commonly found in the lower\u00a0intestine\u00a0of\u00a0warm-blooded\u00a0organisms (Tenaillon et al., 2010).\u00a0Most\u00a0E. coli\u00a0strains are harmless, but some\u00a0serotypes\u00a0can cause serious\u00a0food [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17983","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17983","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17983"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17983\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18046,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17983\/revisions\/18046"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17983"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}