{"id":17870,"date":"2026-09-04T12:25:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:25:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-52\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T12:29:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:29:27","slug":"7-7-52","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-7-52\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 52"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Yasameen Waleed AL-Abedi<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> Wasit University, College of Science, Forensic Department, Iraq.<\/p><p>Email: yasameen.waleed@uowasit.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/52' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/52<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/52' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/52<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (7). Pages:<\/strong> 912 - 920<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-06-20 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-52.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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W. (2026). Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Yasameen Waleed. 2026. \\&quot;Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W. 2026. Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-09-11]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-52\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W. Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W, \\&quot;Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Yasameen Waleed. \\&quot;Differential Expression of CDX2 Gene in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Molecular Genetic Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Yasameen Waleed. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-07-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-09-11]. 7(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-52\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-07-01\u061b 7(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Y. W. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;AL-Abedi Yasameen Waleed. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2026-07-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/52&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> One of the common cancers in the world, which contributes a lot to cancer deaths, is colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Due to increased rates of incidence in the past few years, CRC has become one of the main health problems among Iraqis. The present study focused on determining the differences in the expression of CDX2 gene in colon cancer compared with benign and normal colon tissues. A total of fifty samples were selected, including twenty-two cases of colorectal cancer, twelve cases of benign tumours, and sixteen healthy individuals. Different hospitals were the source of the tissues used in the experiment, which had different ages between twenty and eighty-three. Extraction of RNA was made from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues before being analysed in the lab. Reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time PCR was performed to determine the expression of CDX2 gene with SYBR Green.  According to the findings, expression levels of CDX2 were considerably reduced in CRC tissue specimens compared to benign and normal tissue specimens. It is plausible to consider that CDX2 can contribute to the growth and non-differentiation of tumors because the average expression level of CDX2 was lower in CRC samples. Statistical data confirmed that the difference between investigated groups was statistically significant (P \u2264 0.05). In summary, the development and progression of CRC can be associated with the reduced expression of the CDX2 gene, which demonstrates the potential value of the examined gene as a marker for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. For the confirmation of obtained results, additional studies with increased numbers of participants should be performed.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Colorectal carcinoma, CDX2, molecular biomarker. gene expression.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 (CRC) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 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\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2  \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 SYBR Green. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2  \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2  \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (P \u2264 0.05). \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2  \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u061b \u062c\u064a\u0646 CDX2\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), one of the leading factors for cancer-related sickness and death, is a major health concern around the world. CRC generally progresses in a multistep way, starting with adenomatous polyps and ending with invasive cancer. This cancer typically arises from the epithelial tissue of the colon and rectum [1,2]. Multiple behavioural, environmental, and genetic factors contribute to this transformation [3].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">CRC cases increase with age, particularly in individuals above the age of 50, and are associated with many risk factors such as eating habits, obesity, and ongoing inflammation [4]. Even with advancements in screening and treatments, early diagnosis still remains a challenge, underscoring the importance of molecular biomarkers in diagnosing, prognosing, and treating patients [5].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) gene encodes a transcription factor whose activity is important for the development of the intestine, epithelial cell differentiation, and maintaining intestinal function. The CDX2 transcription factor is considered to be important for establishing intestinal identity and is commonly found in the nuclei of intestinal epithelial cells [6]. In many cases of colorectal tumours, CDX2 is downregulated or absent, which is known to lead to undifferentiated, aggressive tumours with poor prognosis [7,8].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Analysing the expression pattern of CDX2 during the course of colorectal cancer could reveal valuable information considering the importance of CDX2 in preserving the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, the aim of this research is to assess the differential expression of CDX2 in tissue samples from colorectal cancer patients in comparison to normal colonic tissue samples and evaluate its role as a biomarker.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Material and methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 Samples collection<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Between November 2025 and April 2026, 50 patients from Al Karama Hospital, Al Zahra <a id=\"post-17870-OLE_LINK3\"><\/a>Hospital, Baghdad Teaching <a id=\"post-17870-OLE_LINK5\"><\/a>Hospital, and the Digestive system Hospital had their colon and rectum samples collected.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 Handling and Immediate Processing<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tissue samples were immediately submerged in 10% buffered formalin after retrieval to achieve optimum fixing. The direction of resected samples was carefully marked, especially with bigger specimens. Sutures or dyes used as orientation markers helped to retain the histological environment and aided proper pathological interpretation later on.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 Tissue Fixation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The preservation of cellular and tissue architecture is critical for correct histological evaluation. The fixation technique stabilizes tissue components, avoiding deterioration after sample.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4. Molecular studies of CDX2 gene in tumor colorectal <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.1.: -RNA Extraction and Deparaffinization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this study, RNA extraction and deparaffinization were carried out in the following order:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Solubilization of Paraffin A 1.5-ml Eppendorf tube has five sections, each 8 nm in size. To dissolve the paraffin, the slices were immersed in 1 ml of xylene for 5 minutes each time at room temperature. Following each treatment, the sections were subjected to a 10-minute high-speed centrifugation in a microcentrifuge. The pellet was preserved each time a centrifugation was done, and the supernatant was carefully removed without damaging the tissue fragments.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> Washing the Sample The tissue pieces were cleaned with 95 percent ethanol after a 10-minute wash with 1 cc of pure ethanol. After each wash, the samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes in a microcentrifuge, and the pellet was saved.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 3:<\/strong> Tissue Air-Drying The tissue slices were air-dried by leaving the tubes open in a 37\u00b0C thermoblock for around 30 minutes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17870-OLE_LINK2\"><\/a><strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Add Proteinase K Proteinase K was then applied to the dried tissues at a final concentration of 6 mg\/mL. Proteinase K 20 mg\/mL was added in the amount of 43 litres for every 100 liters of digesting solution.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 5:<\/strong> Incubation Overnight The treated tissues were incubated at 45\u00b0C overnight while being agitated to aid protein digestion.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.2. RNA Extraction Process:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Homogenization of Samples The tissue sample was treated with 400 l of DR Buffer and<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">4 ul of \u00df-mercaptoethanol. The sample was then thoroughly homogenized using a tissue micro pestle.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Preparation of the Lysate and Grinding The pulverised tissue was placed in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, which was then filled with 400 l additional DR Buffer and 4 l more \u00df-mercaptoethanol. To shear the tissue, the lysate was injected ten times into a 20-G needle syringe.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. Incubation of the Lysate and Centrifugation After incubating at room temperature for 5 minutes, the samples were centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 2 minutes. The supernatant was added to a GD Column in a 2 ml Collection Tube and centrifuged for 1 minute at 16,000 x g.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Collection Flow-Through The flow-through was saved for RNA purification after centrifugation, and the GD Column was placed in a new 2 ml collection tube and maintained at room temperature (15 to 25 <sup>Co<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. Elution of Buffer Heating Each sample&#8217;s buffer (50 l) was warmed to 60\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Following the extraction step, the RNA was purified using the following methods:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. Homogenization is the sixth step. After an overnight incubation, the digested tissues were homogenized using micro pestles to provide a uniform dispersion of the cellular components for the RNA extraction technique.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.3: &#8211; RNA Purification Process:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.Ethanol Addition: The flow-through was pipetted with 0.8 litres of absolute ethanol and well mixed. The sample was deposited in a 2 ml Collection Tube on the RB Column and centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 1 minute.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.Buffer Addition and Centrifugation: The RB Column was held in place by a brand-new 2 ml Collection Tube. The sample was centrifuged for 30 seconds at 16,000 x g after 400 l of RW1 Buffer was added to the RB Column.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.RPE Buffer Addition and Centrifugation: After filling the RB Column with 600 l of RPE Buffer, the mixture was centrifuged for 30 seconds at 16,000 x g after discarding the flow-through. This was repeated one more before drying the column matrix with a final centrifugation procedure at 16,000 x g for 3 minutes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.RNA Elution: -Finally, a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube was utilized to hold the RNase-free RB Column. 50 l of RNase-free water was put into the center of the column matrix and left to stand for 3 minutes. To elute the pure RNA, it was centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 1 minute.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.4.: -Reverse Transcription<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Superscript First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR was used for reverse transcription, and the Invitrogen procedure was followed. Here are the specific steps:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Step 1: Preparation of RNA\/Primer Mixture<\/strong> The RNA\/primer combination was produced as described in for each tube. (1):<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 1: Components of RNA\/primer mixture<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Components<\/td>\n<td>Amounts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>RNA Total<\/td>\n<td>5 g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Random hexanes (50 g\/\u00b5l)<\/td>\n<td>3 l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10 mM dNTP mix<\/td>\n<td>1 l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>DEPC H2O<\/td>\n<td>to 10 l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 2: Reaction Mixture Addition<\/strong>: &#8211; The RNA\/primer combination was then combined with the reaction master mixture, quickly mixed, and allowed to sit at room temperature for two minutes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 3: Addition of Superscript II RT<\/strong>: &#8211; Each tube received one \u00b5l (50 units) of SuperScript II RT, which was added, mixed, and incubated at 25\u00b0C for 10 minutes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 4: Incubation and Heating<\/strong>: -The tubes were heated at 70\u00b0C for 15 minutes after being incubated at 42\u00b0C for 50 minutes, and then they were cooled on ice.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 5: RNase H Addition<\/strong>: -The mixes received 1 \u00b5l of RNase H and 20 min of incubation at 37 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Step 6: cDNA Storage: &#8211;<\/strong> When real-time PCR was required, the generated cDNA was kept at -20\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>cDNA Synthesis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">By adjusting the forward and reverse primer concentrations for each gene, cDNA synthesis was started. The ratio of forward and reverse primers in the mixture was fixed at 100 pM\/ \u00b5l. The Stratagene MX3000p PCR software was utilised in accordance with the procedures described in Table 2.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table (2 ) :PCR Program<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Steps<\/td>\n<td>Times<\/td>\n<td>Temps<\/td>\n<td>Cycles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2 min<\/td>\n<td>50\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>1 cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>10 min<\/td>\n<td>95\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>1 cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>15 s<\/td>\n<td>95\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>40 cycles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>30 s<\/td>\n<td>60\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>\\<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>30 s<\/td>\n<td>72\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>\\<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>10 min<\/td>\n<td>72\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.5. Molecular detection of CDX2 gene: &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> 2.4.5.1. Dilution of primers: &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2022 Primer solutions (100 pmol\/1 \u03bcl) were prepared by adding free NUECLASE water in exact amounts as required by the manufacturer.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u25cf In order to achieve a final concentration of 10 pmol\/1 \u03bcL, stock solutions of each primer were diluted with NUECLASE free water using a ratio of 1:9. Both forward and reverse primers were added in 1 \u03bcL volumes (10 pmol\/1 \u03bcL). Gene Howard.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table (3): Primers For Sequences of CDX2 gene: &#8211; <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>primers<\/td>\n<td>Sequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CDX2 F<\/td>\n<td>5\u2032CGGAACTGGAGAAGGAGTTC-3\u2032,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CDX2 R<\/td>\n<td>5\u2032-TTCACTTGGGTCTCGTTGAG-3\u2032.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.5.2.: -PCR Working reaction: &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Components of <strong>PCR<\/strong> reaction and mixing amounts were shown in<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">table (4): <strong>&#8211; PCR components<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Component<\/td>\n<td>Component of one sample<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>template cDNA<\/td>\n<td><strong>5 g l<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Free of nuclease water<\/td>\n<td><strong>1<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Primer in reverse<\/td>\n<td><strong>1 M<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Primer for the future<\/td>\n<td><strong>1 M<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mastermix of Sibergreen<\/td>\n<td><strong>12 l<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Volume total<\/td>\n<td><strong>20<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The PCR Programs of CDX2gene: &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. PCR programs of CDX2 gene: &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table (5): -PCR program of CDX2gene: &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Steps<\/td>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>Temperature<\/td>\n<td>Cycles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Initial denaturation<\/td>\n<td><strong>10 min<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>95<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>1 cycle<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Denaturation<\/td>\n<td><strong>30 sec<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>95<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>40 cycles<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Annealing<\/td>\n<td><strong>40 sec<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>60<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>40 cycles<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Extension<\/td>\n<td><strong>30 sec<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>72<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>40 cycles<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Final extension<\/td>\n<td><strong>30 sec<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>25<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>1 cycle<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Holding<\/td>\n<td><strong>Forever<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.5 Statistical analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 was used for data entry and analysis. Variables were presented using graphs and bar charts. Accordingly, mean differences of continuous numerical variables were assessed using independent samples t test and one-way ANOVA. The chi-square test was not used because more than 20% of the predicted cells had a value of less than 5; Instead, Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between two categorical variables. Taking into account the significant P value, which is equal to or less than 0.05.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Results<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The minimum age distribution of the 50 chosen patients was 20 years and the maximum age was 83 years, with a mean and standard deviation. figure 3.1<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"633\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-17871\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-1-png.png\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\MJ\\Desktop\\1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-1-png.png 633w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-1-png-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-1-png-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure 3.1 Distribution of age among the study.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Colorectal cancer patients included 22 individuals, accounting for approximately 43.3% of the sample. Figure 3.2 shows that there were 16 normal (control) patients and 12 patients (24.0%) with benign tumors.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 6. <a id=\"post-17870-_Hlk127974782\"><\/a>Association of sex of patients with group type among the three groups.<\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Sex<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Group type<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">P-value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Colorectal cancer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Benign<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Normal<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<td>13 (43.3%)<\/td>\n<td>9 (30.0%)<\/td>\n<td>8 (27.7%)<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">0.357(Chi-square test)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<td>9 (45.0%)<\/td>\n<td>3 (15.0%)<\/td>\n<td>8 (40.0%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In table 6 age was significantly related to the patient&#8217;s group (<em>P<\/em>-value=0.001). Eight out of 15 patients (53.3%) of patients aged 47-58 years were belonging to the CRC group. In addition to 50% of patients above the age of 60 years old were diagnosed with CRC. Normal peoples were mostly present in age groups of less than 43 years. There were 6 out of 10 (60%) aged between (20-33) years while 100% of those between 33-43 years are normal. Among those in the age group (59-71) years, there were 7 (43.8%) with benign diseases followed by 40% of patients aged 20-33 years who were also with a benign tumor. figure 3.2 shows that patients with CRC had the lowest mean 0.71 among the three groups when compared to benign and normal.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure 3.2 Means of CDX2 gene among the study&#8217;s three groups.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In comparing CRC patients with normal people, table 6 significant differences were presented in means between the two mentioned groups for both studied genes (<em>P<\/em>-value &gt; 0.001). For the CDX2 gene, the mean of normal patients was (1.09\u00b10.24) which was higher when compared to CRC (0.71\u00b10.20).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2. Histological changes in colorectal tumors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2.1 Normal mucosa to adenoma transformation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Usually the first noticeable alteration, they are benign growths of glandular tissue. Depending on their structure, adenomas may have different sizes and shapes. These adenomas exhibit dysplasia, a disturbance in the typical maturation and arrangement of epithelial cells, when seen under a microscope. Dyplastic cells exhibit nuclear enlargement, hyperchromatism, irregular nuclear outlines, and an increase in the number of mitotic figures. Architectural anomalies that can be seen include glandular crowding, irregularity, and branching.[9.10].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2.2. Adenoma to Carcinoma Progression<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The degree of dysplasia rises with the size of the adenoma. This process causes an aggressive adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent form of colorectal cancer, to develop from a benign adenoma. The invasion of malignant glandular structures into the muscularis mucosa and beyond is what distinguishes adenocarcinomas[11]. Adenocarcinomas are usually composed of malformed, aberrant glands that penetrate the stroma. The malignant glands are lined by pleomorphic cells with obvious nuclear abnormalities and numerous mitotic figures. A robust desmoplastic response, defined by an increase in stromal collagen, is typically observed around invasive tumor cells.[12].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2.3.<\/strong> <strong>Histological variants of colorectal adenocarcinoma. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">While most colorectal tumors are classified as conventional adenocarcinomas, which include ring cell carcinomas, serrated adenocarcinomas, and mucinous adenocarcinomas [13].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"979\" height=\"753\" class=\"wp-image-17872\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-sasasas-png.png\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\MJ\\Desktop\\SASASAS.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-sasasas-png.png 979w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-sasasas-png-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-sasasas-png-768x591.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-sasasas-png-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 979px) 100vw, 979px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with muscularis propria invading muscularis propria in a 73 years old man in CA group T2 (H&amp;F., 100X).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.2. Histological staging of colorectal cancer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is necessary to ascertain the disease&#8217;s stage. The TNM staging approach, which considers the extent of tumor invasion, involvement of regional lymph nodes, and the existence of distant metastases, must be assessed when colorectal cancer is confirmed histologically. In addition to providing important information on the underlying molecular pathways of colorectal cancer, examining histological changes in colorectal tumors may help with diagnosis and therapy. As further research is undertaken, these findings may pave the way for novel therapeutic targets and methods in the fight against colorectal cancer [14,15].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure 3.4: adenomas Colon Polyps<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"652\" class=\"wp-image-17873\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\MJ\\Desktop\\photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43-jpg.jpeg 1080w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43-jpg-300x181.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43-jpg-1024x618.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43-jpg-768x464.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/c-users-mj-desktop-photo_2026-05-05_15-34-43-jpg-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17870-OLE_LINK10\"><\/a> In the current investigation, we explored the role of CDX2 protein expression in normal colonic tissues, benign tumors, and CRC. In comparison to the two other groups, our results revealed a significant reduction in CDX2 expression in CRC. This result supports the hypothesis that CDX2 is vital for the maintenance of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, and suppression of this protein promotes the proliferation of tumors.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">CDX2 is an important transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes associated with differentiation and organization of epithelial tissue. Consequently, it explains the lower expression level of this protein in CRC tissues [16]. Loss of CDX2 function can cause the dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and result in a more malignant tumor phenotype, which makes it easier for metastasis.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The results obtained agree well with a number of other published investigations, which revealed low expression of CDX2 in colon carcinoma and its correlation with poor prognosis and advanced stages of tumors [16, 19]. This finding also emphasizes the potential usefulness of CDX2 as a diagnostic marker.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">These results are consistent with numerous previously conducted investigations, according to which decreased expression of CDX2 was found in colon cancer, along with an advanced stage of tumors and poor prognosis [16, 19]. Another point emphasizing the importance of CDX2 as a diagnostic marker is associated with the variation of expression level in non-malignant versus malignant tissues.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.<\/strong> <strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17870-OLE_LINK11\"><\/a> As opposed to benign tumors and normal colon tissue samples, the current study found that the CDX2 gene expression level is much lower in colorectal cancer samples. According to the findings from this study, CDX2 is vital in ensuring proper intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, and any reduction in the expression of this gene can facilitate the progression of colorectal cancer.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Given the differences in the gene expression levels among the various study populations, it seems that CDX2 might be a very important biomarker for distinguishing malignant colonic lesions from non-malignant ones. Besides, the loss of cell differentiation and increased tumor aggressiveness may be related to the reduced expression of CDX2 gene.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmed, S., Macfarlane, G. T., Fite, A., McBain, A. J., Gilbert, P., &amp; Macfarlane, S. (2007). Mucosa-associated bacterial diversity in relation to human terminal ileum and colonic biopsy samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(22), 7435\u20137442.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aldridge, A. J., &amp; Simson, J. N. L. (2001). Histological assessment of colorectal adenomas by size. Are polyps less than 10 mm in size clinically important? European Journal of Surgery, 167(10), 777\u201378.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baba, Y., Nosho, K., Shima, K., Freed, E., Irahara, N., Philips, J., Meyerhardt, J. A., Hornick, J. L., Shivdasani, R. A., &amp; Fuchs, C. S. (2009). Relationship of CDX2 loss with molecular features and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 15(14), 4665\u20134673.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bae, J. M., Lee, T. H., Cho, N.-Y., Kim, T.-Y., &amp; Kang, G. H. (2015). Loss of CDX2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 21(5), 1457.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chen, W., Zhou, L., &amp; Xin, W. (2022). 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Diagnostics, 12(4), 837.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fakih, M., Ouyang, C., Wang, C., Tu, T. Y., Gozo, M. C., Cho, M., Sy, M., Longmate, J. A., &amp; Lee, P. P. (2019). Immune overdrive signature in colorectal tumor subset predicts poor clinical outcome. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 129(10), 4464\u20134476.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fang, S., Gao, H., Tong, Y., Yang, J., Tang, R., Niu, Y., Li, M., &amp; Guo, L. (2016). Long noncoding RNA-HOTAIR affects chemoresistance by regulating HOXA1 methylation in small cell lung cancer cells. Laboratory Investigation, 96(1), 60\u201368.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Greystoke, A., &amp; Mullamitha, S. A. (2012). How many diseases are colorectal cancer? Gastroenterology research and practice, 2012.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hong, L., &amp; Ahuja, N. (2013). DNA methylation biomarkers of stool and blood for early detection of colon cancer. 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The clinical perspectives of CDX2 expression in colorectal cancer: a review. APMIS. 2014;122(4):289\u2013300.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, et al. The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry. 2009;55(4):611\u2013622.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nolan T, Hands RE, Bustin SA. Quantification of mRNA using real-time RT-PCR. Nature Protocols. 2006;1(3):1559\u20131582.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2^-\u0394\u0394Ct method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402\u2013408.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), one of the leading factors for cancer-related sickness and death, is a major health concern around the world. CRC generally progresses in a multistep way, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17870","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17870"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17874,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17870\/revisions\/17874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}