{"id":17854,"date":"2026-09-01T19:13:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T19:13:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-9-47\/"},"modified":"2026-09-01T19:17:37","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T19:17:37","slug":"7-9-47","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-9-47\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 47"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a:  safa.mahdi@uokerbala.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Safa Mahdi Talib Al-Taie\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Assistant Lecturer, Center for Strategic Studies, University of Karbala, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> safa.mahdi@uokerbala.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (9). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 913 - 928<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-09-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue9\/7-9-47.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M. T.. (2026). Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Taie Safa Mahdi Talib. 2026. \\&quot;Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 9. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Taie S. M. T.. 2026. Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-09-01. [Cited 2026-09-02]. 7(9). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-9-47\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Taie S. M. T.. Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-09-01; 7(9). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Taie S. M. T., \\&quot;Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Taie Safa Mahdi Talib. \\&quot;Educational Institutions during the Ayyubid Era.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026-09-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0635. \u0645. \u0637. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0635. \u0645. \u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to examine educational institutions during the Ayyubid era in Egypt and the Levant, identify their types and administrative and financial organization, and analyze their educational, religious, social, and political roles during a period of significant intellectual and doctrinal transformation following the end of Fatimid rule. It also sought to reveal how the Ayyubid state employed these institutions to promote Sunni Islam, reshape society\u2019s intellectual identity, and prepare qualified personnel for service in state institutions. The study adopted the historical-analytical method, drawing on historical sources, geographical works, and relevant studies and research. It examined five principal types of institutions: schools, mosques, kuttabs, khanqahs, ribats and zawiyas, and bimaristans. The findings showed that Ayyubid educational institutions spread across major cities, particularly Cairo, Fustat, Alexandria, Damascus, Aleppo, and Jerusalem. Their establishment was not limited to sultans and princes, as women of the Ayyubid household also contributed to their founding and patronage. The study further demonstrated that the waqf system provided the financial and administrative foundation that ensured the continuity of these institutions and regulated the affairs of their staff and students. The findings also revealed functional integration among these institutions: schools, mosques, and kuttabs disseminated religious and linguistic knowledge; khanqahs, ribats, and zawiyas helped consolidate Sunni Sufism; and bimaristans combined healthcare provision with medical education and clinical training. The study concluded that educational institutions constituted a strategic instrument of Ayyubid policy, contributing to the consolidation of Sunni Islam, the unification of the internal front, and the establishment of the foundations for a scientific and intellectual renaissance in Egypt and the Levant.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Educational institutions, Ayyubid state, schools, mosques, waqf, bimaristans, Egypt and the Levant.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a (569\u0647\u0640648\u0647\u0640\/ 1174-1250\u0645) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f 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href=\"#post-17854-footnote-40\">[40]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u062a\u0647<sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-17854-footnote-ref-41\" href=\"#post-17854-footnote-41\">[41]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0636\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Abi Usaybi\u2018ah, Ahmad ibn al-Qasim. (n.d.). Sources of Information on the Classes of Physicians. Edited by Nizar Rida. Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (1992). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf. (1992). The Shining Stars in the Kings of Egypt and Cairo. Edited by Muhammad Husayn Shams al-Din. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Jubayr, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Kinani. (n.d.). The Travels of Ibn Jubayr. Beirut: Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1994). \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Khallikan, Abu al-\u2018Abbas Shams al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (1994). Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch. Edited by Ihsan Abbas. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar Sadir.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a. (1893). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Duqmaq, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Aydamar al-\u2018Ala\u2019i. (1893). The Central Jewel in the Necklace of Cities. 1st ed. Cairo: al-Matba\u2018ah al-Kubra al-Amiriyyah, Bulaq.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a. (2007). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Duqmaq, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Aydamar al-\u2018Ala\u2019i. (2007). The Precious Jewel in the Biographies of Kings and Sultans. Edited by Muhammad Kamal al-Din \u2018Izz al-Din \u2018Ali. 1st ed. Beirut: \u2018Alam al-Kutub.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. (1967). \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u06372. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Sa\u2018id al-Andalusi, \u2018Ali ibn Musa. (1967). The Flourishing Branches on the Merits of the Poets of the Seventh Century AH. Edited by Ibrahim al-Ibyari. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (1991). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Shaddad, \u2018Izz al-Din Muhammad ibn \u2018Ali ibn Ibrahim. (1991). The Precious Records concerning the Princes of Syria and al-Jazira. Edited by Yahya Zakariyya \u2018Abbarah. Damascus: Publications of the Ministry of Culture.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1986). \u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn al-\u2018Imad al-Hanbali, \u2018Abd al-Hayy ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (1986). Fragments of Gold in the Accounts of Those Who Have Passed Away. Edited by Mahmud al-Arna\u2019ut. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Manzur, Muhammad ibn Mukarram. (n.d.). The Tongue of the Arabs. Beirut: Dar Sadir.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (1987). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u06371. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Isfahani, \u2018Imad al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Safi al-Din. (1987). The Syrian Lightning. Edited by Falih Husayn. 1st ed. Amman: Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2001). \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn \u2018Uthman. (2001). Biographies of the Eminent Nobles. Beirut: Al-Resalah Foundation.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (1986). \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0645. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Subki, Taj al-Din \u2018Abd al-Wahhab ibn Taqi al-Din. (1986). The Restorer of Blessings and the Averter of Calamities. 1st ed. Beirut: Mu\u2019assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631. (1967). \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din \u2018Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr. (1967). An Excellent Account of the History of Egypt and Cairo. Edited by Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim. 1st ed. Cairo: Dar Ihya\u2019 al-Kutub al-\u2018Arabiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shahrastani, Muhammad ibn \u2018Abd al-Karim. (n.d.). Religions and Sects. Edited by Muhammad Sayyid Kilani. Beirut: Dar al-Ma\u2018rifah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a. (1968). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, \u2018Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-\u2018Ulaymi. (1968). The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron. Introduced by Muhammad al-Sayyid \u2018Ali Bahr al-\u2018Ulum. Najaf: Al-Matba\u2018ah al-Haydariyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1973). \u0627\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn \u2018Ali. (1973). Lessons for the Seekers from the History of the Fatimid Caliphs. Edited by Muhammad Hilmi Muhammad Ahmad. Cairo: Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1997). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn \u2018Ali. (1997). The Path to Knowledge of the Dynasties of Kings. Edited by Muhammad \u2018Abd al-Qadir \u2018Ata. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1998). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn \u2018Ali. (1998). Admonitions and Reflections through the Account of Districts and Monuments, Known as al-Khitat al-Maqriziyyah. Annotated by Khalil al-Mansur. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a. (1990). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Nu\u2018aymi, \u2018Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Dimashqi. (1990). The Scholar in the History of Schools. Indexes prepared by Ibrahim Shams al-Din. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u062e\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. (1992). \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0646\u064a. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Nawbakhti, al-Hasan ibn Musa. (1992). The Sects of the Shi\u2018a. Edited and annotated by \u2018Abd al-Mun\u2018im al-Hafni. 1st ed. Cairo: Dar al-Rashad.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ya\u2018qubi, Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn Ja\u2018far. (n.d.). The Book of Countries. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0641\u062f\u062c\u060c \u0623. \u062c. (1920). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0628\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f. \u06374. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Iskandari, \u2018Umar, and A. J. Savage. (1920). The History of Egypt up to the Ottoman Conquest, with Accounts of the Nations Connected with Egypt until That Period. 4th ed. Cairo: Al-Ma\u2018arif Press.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. (1988). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u06372. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Badawi, \u2018Abd al-Majid Abu al-Futuh. (1988). The Political and Intellectual History of Sunni Islam in the Islamic East from the Fifth Century AH until the Fall of Baghdad. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dar al-Wafa\u2019.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646. (1996). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hassan, Ibrahim Hassan. (1996). The History of \u2018Amr ibn al-\u2018As. Cairo: Madbouly Bookshop.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641. (2016). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamza, \u2018Abd al-Latif. (2016). The Intellectual Movement in Egypt during the Ayyubid and Early Mamluk Periods. Introduced by Jilan Hamza. Cairo: Egyptian General Book Organization.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645. (2012). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628 (579\u2013658\u0647\u0640\/1183\u20131260\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c (56).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Khayun, Husayn Kazim. (2012). Intellectual life in the city of Aleppo (579\u2013658 AH\/1183\u20131260 CE). Diyala Journal, (56).<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u062f.\u0645.: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Samarra\u2019i, Kamal. (n.d.). A Concise History of Arab Medicine. N.p.: Dar al-Nidal for Printing and Publishing.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646. (1999). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sallam, Ayman Shahin. (1999). Islamic Schools in Egypt during the Ayyubid Era and Their Role in Spreading Sunni Islam (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Arts, Tanta University, Egypt.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644. (1968). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sallam, Muhammad Zaghlul. (1968). Literature in the Ayyubid Era. Egypt: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2008). \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sallabi, \u2018Ali Muhammad. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Crusades. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Ma\u2018rifah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644. (1999). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 (569\u2013661\u0647\u0640\/1174\u20131263\u0645). \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0633.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Taqqush, Muhammad Suhayl. (1999). History of the Ayyubids in Egypt, the Levant, and al-Jazira (569\u2013661 AH\/1174\u20131263 CE). 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Nafa\u2019is.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. (1996). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2018Ashur, Sa\u2018id \u2018Abd al-Fattah. (1996). The Ayyubids and Mamluks in Egypt and Syria. Cairo: Dar al-Nahdah al-\u2018Arabiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f. (1997). \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2018Abd al-Rahman, Khalid Sulayman Hamad. (1997). The Administration of the Levant during the Ayyubid Era (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-\u2018Abbadi, Ahmad Mukhtar. (n.d.). Studies in Ayyubid and Mamluk History. Alexandria: University Youth Foundation.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1939). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2018Isa, Ahmad. (1939). The History of Bimaristans in Islam. Damascus: Al-Hashimiyyah Press.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a. (1950). \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lane-Poole, Stanley. (1950). The Story of Cairo. Translated by Hassan Ibrahim Hassan, \u2018Ali Ibrahim Hassan, and Edward Halim. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. (2004). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u06374. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo. (2004). Al-Mu\u2018jam al-Wasit: The Intermediate Arabic Dictionary. 4th ed. Cairo: Al-Shorouk International Bookshop.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 : \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (530\u0647\u0640) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u064a\u060c\u0641\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (564\u0647\u0640) \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0636\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 (\u062a:874\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c\u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1992\u0645\u060c \u062c6\u060c\u06353-4 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u062a:845 \u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1997 \u0645\u060c\u062c1\u060c\u0635148 \u061b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c\u06371\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007 \u0645\u060c \u0635254 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0631.\u0633\u0642\u062f\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u06374\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1920 \u0645\u060c \u0635219. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 : \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642. 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062c1\u060c\u0635114\u061b\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u060c\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c1996\u060c\u0635204 . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0637 : \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 ( \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (20\u0647\u0640\/640\u0645) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631(\u062a:292\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c\u0621 \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c \u0635169. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c\u062c4\u060c \u0635200 <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c4\u060c\u0635201. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c4\u060c\u0635 204. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c4\u060c\u0635204. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c\u062c6\u060c \u063579. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062a:911\u0647\u0640)\u060c\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c\u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1967\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c\u0635257\u061b\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c\u06371\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c2008\u060c\u0635253-254. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u060c\u062c2\u060c \u0635257. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u062a:845\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c\u06371\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997\u060c\u062c1\u060c\u0635187 . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a:) \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1994\u0645\u060c\u062c7\u060c\u0635206.. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c2\u060c\u0635323. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c\u06372\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c1988\u0645 \u0635240. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a:614\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c\u0635230.. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 : \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. )\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a:978\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u06371\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1990\u0645\u060c\u062c1\u060c\u0635272\u060c . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c\u062c1\u060c \u0635271.. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c\u062c1\u060c \u0635162-163.. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c\u062c1\u060c\u0635227-228. . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635 242. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c199\u0645\u060c \u0635147. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645(\u062a: )\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1991\u0645\u060c \u062c1\u060c\u06421\u060c \u0635264. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c\u062c1\u06421\u060c\u0635264-285. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c\u062c1\u060c\u06421\u060c \u0635286. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c\u062c1\u060c \u0635250-251. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a (\u062a: )\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c\u062f.\u062a\u060c \u062c1\u060c\u0635485. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c1999\u0645\u060c 131-135. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2016 \u0645\u060c\u0635171. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062c2\u060c\u0635257. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0635143. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 ( 771\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0645\u060c\u06371\u060c\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1986\u0645\u060c\u063583-85. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635170. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1996\u0645\u060c \u0635142. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0645\u060c\u063585. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0635142. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-40\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 (569-661\u0647\u0640\/1174-1363\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0633\u060c\u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1999\u0645\u060c \u0635213. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062c2\u060c\u0635257. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-42\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0635155\u060c157. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-43\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u063522-23. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-44\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635215. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-45\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a1047\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f.\u0645\u060c \u063569. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-45\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-46\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635215-216. . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-46\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-47\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0631 : \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u060c\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (359\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c2\u060c\u0635251. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-47\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-48\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u063525 . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-49\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635 : \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-50\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0635170 \u061b \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c\u0635 158. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-51\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u063553\u061b \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c\u0635158. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-52\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u063524. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-52\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-53\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635216. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-54\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u063513. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-54\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-55\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0635220. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-55\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-56\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0635215. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-56\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-57\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u062a: 748\u0647\u0640) \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c\u062f.\u0645\u060c2001\u0645\u060c \u062c21\u060c\u0635126. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-57\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-58\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">().\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c\u062c21\u060c\u0635127. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-58\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-59\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c\u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645(\u062a: 684\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1991\u0645\u060c \u062c1\u060c\u06421 \u0635118-121. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-60\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628 (579\u0647\u0640\/ 658\u0647\u0640\/1183-1260\u0645 ) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c2012\u0645.. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-61\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633(\u062a:685\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c\u06372\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1967\u0645\u060c\u063581. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-61\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-62\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u063525. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-62\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-63\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u0635220. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-63\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-64\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c1997\u0645\u060c\u0635237. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-64\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-65\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0628 ( \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e ). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c4\u060c\u0635280-281. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635214. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-65\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-66\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c4\u060c\u0635280-281. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-66\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-67\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c4\u060c\u0635282 \u061b \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 (569-661\u0647\u0640\/1174-1263\u0645)\u060c \u06371\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0633\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1999\u0645\u060c \u0635215. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-67\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-68\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">()))\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c4\u060c\u0635283. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-68\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-69\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a: 1089\u0645)\u060c \u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 :\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1986\u0645\u060c \u062c6\u060c\u0635447. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-69\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-70\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0635231. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-70\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-71\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062a:928\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c 1968\u0645 \u062c2\u060c\u0635146. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-71\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-72\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 : \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 (\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631) \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648(\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 (\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636). \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c (\u062a: 668\u0647\u0640) \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c\u062f.\u062a\u060c \u063547 \u061b \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c1939\u0645\u060c \u063574. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-72\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-73\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c\u062c1\u060c\u063511. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-73\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-74\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062c1\u060c\u0635187 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637\u060c\u062c2\u060c\u0635287-288. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-74\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-75\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u063524\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c\u062f.\u0645\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c \u063576-77. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-75\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-76\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c\u0635 15\u061b \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c\u063582. . <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-76\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-77\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c\u0635154-155. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-77\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-78\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0635230-231. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-78\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17854-footnote-79\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062a: 597\u0647\u0640)\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 1987\u0645\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u0635138-139. <a href=\"#post-17854-footnote-ref-79\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a (569\u0647\u0640648\u0647\u0640\/ 1174-1250\u0645) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645.\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17854","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17854"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17857,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17854\/revisions\/17857"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}