{"id":17739,"date":"2026-09-01T00:55:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T00:55:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-9-36\/"},"modified":"2026-09-01T01:36:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T01:36:01","slug":"7-9-36","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-9-36\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 36"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629 (\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0628\u0648\u0763\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p><p>https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9065-2115<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: smail.bouguelba@ump.ac.ma<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Ismail Bougble<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> PhD in Geography, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Oujda, Morocco. https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9065-2115\/<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> smail.bouguelba@ump.ac.ma<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/36' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj79\/36<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/36' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/79\/36<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (9). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 657 - 670<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-08-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-09-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue9\/7-9-36.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2026). Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ismail Bouglaba. 2026. \\&quot;Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 9. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ismail B.. 2026. Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-09-01. [Cited 2026-09-01]. 7(9). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-9-36\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/36&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ismail B.. Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-09-01; 7(9). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/36&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ismail B., \\&quot;Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/36&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ismail Bouglaba. \\&quot;Impacts of Agricultural Dynamics on the Transformation of the Agricultural System in the Tafrata Plain, Northeastern Morocco.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, 2026-09-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj79\\\/36&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628. 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u061b \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to analyze the impacts of agricultural dynamics on the transformation of the agricultural system in the Tafrata Plain, northeastern Morocco, by examining changes in agricultural production and productivity, farming techniques and practices, and the organization of agricultural labor. The study adopted a methodological approach combining descriptive, analytical, and statistical methods. It drew on statistical data and field data collected through questionnaires, direct observation, and interviews with local stakeholders and residents. The findings revealed a gradual transition from an agricultural system dominated by rainfed farming and pastoralism to a more diversified, intensive, and market-oriented system based on the expansion of irrigated agriculture and fruit-tree cultivation, particularly olive growing. The spread of mechanization, drip irrigation, solar energy, fertilizers, and pesticides also contributed to improving agricultural production and productivity, expanding irrigated farmland, and reducing certain operating costs. However, this modernization varied across agricultural holdings according to farm size and access to financing and investment. It was also accompanied by intensified groundwater extraction and growing pressure on natural resources. Furthermore, traditional forms of family and cooperative labor, including the khammas and rabaa sharecropping systems, declined in favor of greater reliance on wage labor, particularly seasonal and temporary workers. The study concludes that agricultural dynamics have reshaped the productive, technological, social, and spatial structures of the Tafrata Plain and enhanced its productive capacity. At the same time, they have generated environmental and social challenges that require integrated and sustainable water-resource management, greater support for small agricultural holdings, and a balance between agricultural modernization and the conservation of natural resources.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Agricultural dynamics; Agricultural system; Irrigated agriculture; Agricultural productivity; Farming techniques; Agricultural labor; Tafrata Plain; Morocco.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 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colspan=\"4\">\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u00a0\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u00a0\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u00a0\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u00a0\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0633\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">1050<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>4255<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0641(\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>650<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>920<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>64400<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>600<\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>43<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>300<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>156<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>162<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>203<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>9840<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>2563<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>10252<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>6000<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>3\u0637 \u0647<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">189<\/td>\n<td>411<\/td>\n<td>110<\/td>\n<td>1300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>400<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>272<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>4382<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>419<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">3<\/td>\n<td>205<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>153<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 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\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u062766 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2. \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0648<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>2740\u00a0,70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td>4873\u00a0,21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a(\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>666\u00a0,10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td>2279,20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634<\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>3335,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td>2620\u00a0,35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 2017<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2022 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a 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\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631. (2004). \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El Akhal, M. (2004). Dynamics of agricultural areas and the challenges of local development: The case of the Benslimane Plateau [In Arabic]. Rabat, Morocco: Abi Raqraq Printing and Publishing House.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0648\u0763\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. (2024). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628) [\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644]. \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bouguelba, S. (2024). Socio-spatial transformations in the Tafrata Plain: From traditional pastoralism to irrigated agriculture (Northeastern Morocco) [Doctoral dissertation in Human Geography, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammed First University]. Oujda, Morocco.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0648\u0763\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 1(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bouguelba, S., Belghitri, H., &amp; Rahmouni, F. (2022). Pastoral nomadism: Dynamics and mechanisms\u2014The Tafrata Plain in Eastern Morocco as a case study. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco, 1(1). [In Arabic].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644. (2003). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a [\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644]. \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zerouali, A. (2003). Rural transformations and urbanization in the Eastern Rif [State doctoral dissertation in Geography, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammed First University]. Oujda, Morocco.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062f. (1998). \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f [\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633]. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chaker, M. (1998). The Boukhouali Massif and the El Aioun Plain in Eastern Morocco: Current surface dynamics between natural vulnerability and human pressure\u2014What prospects and what strategy? [State doctoral dissertation in Geography, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammed V University]. Rabat, Morocco.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f (\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a): \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 [\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644]. \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mouadili, O. (2022). Water erosion and environmental dynamics in the Oued Atlagh and Oued El Abed basins (Taourirt, Eastern Morocco): Geomatics approaches [Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammed First University]. Oujda, Morocco.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Amachraa, A. (2026). Reconfiguring the Moroccan Agricultural Model: A Systemic and Paradoxical Exploration (Policy Paper No. 08\/26). Policy Center for the New South.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Bouguelba, S., (2025), Degradation of Vegetation Cover and Decline in Rangeland Productivity within the Eastern Moroccan Steppe Region: The Tafrata Plain in the Guercif Basin as a Case Study, Arabian Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 2, No. 7.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/ajsr.2025.7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/ajsr.2025.7<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Bouguelba, S., (2026), A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Framework for Rainwater Harvesting Site Selection in Data-Scarce Semi-Arid Regions: Application to the Tafrata Plain (Morocco), Ecological Engineering &amp; Environmental Technology, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 341\u2013358.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12912\/27197050\/220328\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12912\/27197050\/220328<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Bouguelba, S., &amp; El Kallouchi, M., (2026), The Dynamics of Irrigated Agriculture Using Geographic Information Systems and Google Earth in the Tafrata Plain (Northeast Morocco), Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 80\u201398. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52951\/dasj.26180106\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52951\/dasj.26180106<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Basso, B., &amp; Antle, J. (2020). Digital agriculture to design sustainable agricultural systems. Nature Sustainability, 3, 254\u2013256. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-020-0510-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-020-0510-0<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-MacPherson, J., Voglhuber-Slavinsky, A., Olbrisch, M., Sch\u00f6bel, P., D\u00f6nitz, E., Mouratiadou, I., &amp; Helming, K. (2022). Future agricultural systems and the role of digitalization for achieving sustainability goals: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 42, 70. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-022-00792-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-022-00792-6<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Hansen, B. D., Leonard, E., Mitchell, M. C., Easton, J., Shariati, N., Mortlock, M. Y., Schaefer, M., &amp; Lamb, D. W. (2023). Current status of and future opportunities for digital agriculture in Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 74(6), 524\u2013537. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/CP21594\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/CP21594<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Parra-L\u00f3pez, C., Carmona-Torres, C., Finger, R., Bronson, K., Ruder, S.-L., &amp; Klerkx, L. (2026). From smart farming to wise agricultural systems: A conceptual framework for systems-oriented sustainable digital transformation in agriculture. Agricultural Systems, 234, 104669. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agsy.2026.104669\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agsy.2026.104669<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17739","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17739"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17739\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17835,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17739\/revisions\/17835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}