{"id":17523,"date":"2026-08-01T02:05:06","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T02:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-8-33\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T13:16:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T13:16:45","slug":"7-8-33","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-8-33\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 33"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0633\u0647\u0649 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: s12597364@stu.najah.edu<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: S12597359@stu\/najah.edu<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Suha Subhi Musa Ibrahim\u00b9, Sonia Subhi Musa Ibrahim\u00b2<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Ph.D. in Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> s12597364@stu.najah.edu<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Ph.D. in Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> S12597359@stu.najah.edu<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj78\/33' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj78\/33<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/78\/33' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/78\/33<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (8). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 608 - 643<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-07-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-07-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-08-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue8\/7-8-33.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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S. M., &amp; Ibrahim, S. S. M.. (2026). The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ibrahim, Suha Subhi Musa; Ibrahim, Sonia Subhi Musa. 2026. \\&quot;The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 8. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ibrahim, S. S. M., &amp; Ibrahim, S. S. M.. 2026. The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-08-01. [Cited 2026-08-01]. 7(8). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-8-33\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ibrahim, S. S. M., &amp; Ibrahim, S. S. M.. The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-08-01; 7(8). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ibrahim, S. S. M., &amp; Ibrahim, S. S. M., \\&quot;The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ibrahim, Suha Subhi Musa; Ibrahim, Sonia Subhi Musa. \\&quot;The Reality of Using Alternative Assessment Strategies to Improve Learning from the Perspectives of Teachers in Jerusalem Schools.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, 2026-08-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645.\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645. (2026). \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u0649 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. 2026. \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645.\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-08-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-08-01]. 7(8). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-8-33\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645.\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-08-01\u061b 7(8). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645.\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633. \u0635. \u0645. \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 8\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/33&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u0649 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to investigate the reality of using alternative assessment strategies to improve learning from the perspectives of teachers in Jerusalem schools. It also sought to determine the extent of their use, effectiveness, and major implementation barriers, as well as to identify differences in teachers\u2019 perceptions according to gender, academic qualification, and years of experience. The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach and included a convenience sample of 60 male and female teachers working in schools affiliated with the Ministry of Education in East Jerusalem during the 2025\/2026 academic year. Data were collected using a 24-item questionnaire covering three domains: the use of alternative assessment strategies, their effectiveness in improving learning, and barriers to their implementation. The instrument achieved an overall Cronbach\u2019s alpha reliability coefficient of 0.85. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey\u2019s post hoc test. The findings revealed a high overall level of alternative assessment use, with an overall mean of 3.71. Its effectiveness in improving learning ranked first, with a mean of 3.91. Observation, performance-based assessment, communication-based assessment, and self-assessment were the most frequently used strategies, whereas portfolio assessment was used to a limited extent. The findings further indicated that alternative assessment contributed to providing feedback, improving students\u2019 understanding, developing higher-order thinking, problem-solving, and self-directed learning skills, and enhancing motivation to learn. The main implementation barriers were large class sizes, limited parental awareness, and the considerable time and effort required. No statistically significant differences were found according to gender or years of experience, whereas significant differences were found according to academic qualification in favor of teachers holding a bachelor\u2019s degree or lower and those holding a master\u2019s degree, compared with doctoral degree holders. The study recommended expanding teacher training, creating a supportive school environment, increasing parental awareness, and encouraging the diversified use of alternative assessment tools.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Alternative Assessment; Learning Improvement; Performance-Based Assessment; Self-Assessment; Teachers in Jerusalem Schools.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 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Hearn, 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (05.a \u22640) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (05.a \u22640) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (05.a \u22640) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a 2025\\ 2026.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 <\/strong>Alternative Assessment: \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644:<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u00a0<strong>Brookhart (2013)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 (Black &amp; Wiliam, 2009).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649\u00a0<strong>Hattie (2012)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c 2017).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a 2025\/2026\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8221;. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u060c 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a (Portfolio Evaluation)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c 2009).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 (Casas, 2011, p. 192) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (2013) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621: <strong>Assessment Performance based <\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u064d\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064e \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064e \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 (presentation<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a (Demonstration) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 (Simulation) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 (Debate) (\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c 2005) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a (\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629: Pencil and Paper<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064e\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 (\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: Observation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. &#8211;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064e\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629). \u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 (\u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064e \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">.<strong> \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a: Reflection Assessment strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064e\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064e \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064e \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062c\u060c 2011).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 Alternative Evaluation Tools<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0628:<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628 \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631:<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (1\u060c2\u060c3\u060c4\u060c5) \u0623\u0648(1\u060c2\u060c3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627 \u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645:<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632:<\/strong> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a:<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: 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\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">10.<strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (&#8220;Smith &amp; Thompson, 2020&#8221;) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 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justify;\"><strong>\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (60) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\"><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>22<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>36.7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>38<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>63.3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\"><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>18<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>30.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>31<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>51.7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>18.3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\"><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>13.3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>5-10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>24<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>40.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>11 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>28<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>46.7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (24) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (8) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (8) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646(8) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0645 (\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (5)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (4)\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (3)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (2)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (24) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (8) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (8) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646(8) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0645 (\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (5)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (4)\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (3)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (2)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 (1)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645(2)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Pearson correlation) \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0.242<\/td>\n<td>0.062<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>0.404<\/td>\n<td>0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>0.468<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>0.578<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>0.552<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>0.545<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>0.554<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>0.650<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>0.303<\/td>\n<td>0.018<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>0.384<\/td>\n<td>0.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>0.218<\/td>\n<td>0.095<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>0.366<\/td>\n<td>0.004<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>0.575<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>0.446<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>0.390<\/td>\n<td>0.002<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.702<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>0.521<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td>0.306<\/td>\n<td>0.018<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>0.512<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>0.196<\/td>\n<td>0.134<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>0.620<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td>0.629<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>0.660<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>0.641<\/td>\n<td>0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 (Cronbach Alpha) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (0.85)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627<\/strong> Cronbach Alpha))<strong> \u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>0.52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>0.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>0.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>0.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1\u0640\u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2\u0640 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3\u0640 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629)\u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4\u0640\u0640 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a 2025\\2026.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5\u0640 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 spss \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062b\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3\u0640 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646(5) \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646(5 \u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640 10) \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648(11) \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 4 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f 3 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0635\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u03b1=0.05\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a (t-test)\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a One Way Analysis Of Variance))\u060c Tukey test\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 ( Pearson Correlation)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a ( Cronbach Alpha)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 ((Spss.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.00-1.80<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.81-2.60<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2.61-3.40<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.41-4.20<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4.21-5.00<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (SPSS). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633. <\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>3.42<\/td>\n<td>0.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>3.91<\/td>\n<td>0.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>3.81<\/td>\n<td>0.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>3.71<\/td>\n<td>0.46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 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(0.48)\u060c\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f\u00a0\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (3.42) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (0.47)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u00a0\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 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P\u00e9rez\u00a0(2021)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Smith and Thompson\u00a0(2020)\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q8<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0623\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633<\/em><\/td>\n<td>4.07<\/td>\n<td>0.93<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q5<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a)<\/em><\/td>\n<td>4.07<\/td>\n<td>0.82<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q1<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/em><\/td>\n<td>4.05<\/td>\n<td>0.62<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q3<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645<\/em><\/td>\n<td>3.88<\/td>\n<td>1.19<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q2<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0627\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/em><\/td>\n<td>3.83<\/td>\n<td>1.06<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q4<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0623\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/td>\n<td>3.77<\/td>\n<td>1.11<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q7<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0623\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/em><\/td>\n<td>3.75<\/td>\n<td>0.79<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q6<\/td>\n<td><em>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/em><\/td>\n<td>2.12<\/td>\n<td>1.26<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>3.42<\/td>\n<td>0.47<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0(3.42)\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (0.47). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u0623\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u00a0\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u00a0(4.07) \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u00a0(\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a)&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (4.07)\u060c \u062b\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (4.05)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u00a0\u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629&#8221;\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (2.12) \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061f <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (6).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (6) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q13<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>4.13<\/td>\n<td>1.01<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q9<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>4.10<\/td>\n<td>0.83<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q15<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>4.03<\/td>\n<td>0.97<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q14<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>3.90<\/td>\n<td>1.06<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q10<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>3.88<\/td>\n<td>0.97<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q16<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>3.80<\/td>\n<td>0.97<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q12<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/td>\n<td>3.75<\/td>\n<td>1.21<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q11<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>3.73<\/td>\n<td>1.03<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>3.91<\/td>\n<td>0.63<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (6) \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0(3.91) \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u00a0(0.63). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u00a0\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u00a0(4.13)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (4.10)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u00a0\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (4.03)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a 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\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u061f <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (7).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (7) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q19<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/td>\n<td>4.63<\/td>\n<td>0.66<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q22<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td>4.45<\/td>\n<td>0.72<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q17<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>4.03<\/td>\n<td>0.82<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q24<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>3.72<\/td>\n<td>0.86<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q23<\/td>\n<td>\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>3.63<\/td>\n<td>0.90<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q18<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>3.58<\/td>\n<td>0.97<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q20<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627<\/td>\n<td>3.37<\/td>\n<td>1.16<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>q21<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>3.08<\/td>\n<td>1.10<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>3.81<\/td>\n<td>0.48<\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (7) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0(3.81) \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u00a0(0.48). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642\u00a0\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u00a0(4.63) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u00a0(0.66)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u00a0&#8220;\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627&#8221;\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (4.45) 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\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u03b1\u22640.05 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a (t-test) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (8).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (8)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a (t-test) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>3.82<\/td>\n<td>0.43<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">58<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">1.398<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">0.167<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<td>3.65<\/td>\n<td>0.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (8) \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u00a0\u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0(\u03b1\u22640.05) \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 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\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u03b1\u22640.05 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (one way analysis of variance) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (9).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (9)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (one way analysis of variance) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. <\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>3.547<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1.774<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">10.787<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">0.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>9.372<\/td>\n<td>57<\/td>\n<td>0.164<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n<td>12.920<\/td>\n<td>59<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u03b1<strong>\u2264<\/strong>0.05 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a (Tukey test) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (10).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (10) \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a(Tukey test) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>-0.08415<\/td>\n<td>*0.67445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>*0.59030<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (11).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (11) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a 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\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u03b1\u22640.05 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (one way analysis of variance) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (12).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (12)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (one way analysis of variance) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629. <\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>0.488<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>0.244<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">1.119<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">0.334<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>12.432<\/td>\n<td>57<\/td>\n<td>0.218<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n<td>12.920<\/td>\n<td>59<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u03b1<strong>\u2264<\/strong>0.05 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (12) \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u00a0\u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0(\u03b1\u22640.05) \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f. (2022). \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0629. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1<\/em>(4)\u060c 129-146.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Mustafa, A. M. A. (2022). Attitudes of teachers of students with learning disabilities toward assessment methods used in primary schools in the Gaza Strip. <em>African Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 1<\/em>(4), 129-146.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645. (2015). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a. <em>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c<\/em> (58)\u060c 179-226.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ahmadi, R., &amp; Brikat, A. (2015). The effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on integrating flipped classrooms and alternative assessment in developing grammatical skills among second-year secondary school female students. <em>Arab Studies in Education and Psychology<\/em>, (58), 179-226.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d. (2022). \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 19<\/em>(73)\u060c 49-88.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ansari, W. M. (2022). Implementing alternative assessment strategies in social studies within public education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. <em>Journal of Educational and Psychological Research, 19<\/em>(73), 49-88.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645. (2018). \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. <em>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 45<\/em>(4)\u060c 315-333.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barham, A. I. (2018). Purposes of using authentic assessment among mathematics teachers. <em>Dirasat: Educational Sciences, 45<\/em>(4), 315-333.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f. (2015). <em>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/em> (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bani Odeh, K. (2015). <em>The effect of using alternative assessment on ninth-grade students\u2019 achievement and attitudes toward science<\/em> (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2021). \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0646. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/em> (71)\u060c 276-312.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Tamimi, A. M., &amp; Al-Kharousi, H. A. (2021). The degree to which female mathematics teachers use alternative assessment tools from their perspectives. <em>Journal of Educational and Psychological Research<\/em>, (71), 276-312.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649. (2017). <em>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Khatib, J., &amp; Al-Khatib, M. (2017). <em>Introduction to education<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Fikr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2018). \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c 7<\/em>(25)\u060c 334-365.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Rubayan, A. (2018). Teachers\u2019 level of awareness of alternative assessment methods for students with academic learning disabilities. <em>Journal of Special Education, 7<\/em>(25), 334-365.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0634\u062f. (2013). <em>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/em> (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zahrani, M. A. (2013). <em>A proposed framework for developing student achievement measurement tools according to comprehensive quality standards at the Ministry of Education<\/em> (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f. (2012). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 31<\/em>(1)\u060c 3-42.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shamrani, H. M. Al-Musaed. (2012). The transition from traditional assessment to alternative assessment in Arabic language programs for non-native speakers. <em>Educational Journal of the Faculty of Education, 31<\/em>(1), 3-42.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2021). \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 37<\/em>(6)\u060c 332-391.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Dhafiri, A. T., Al-Sarwani, S. M., Al-Ghaith, A. S., &amp; Al-Mulla, N. A. (2021). Female faculty members\u2019 use of alternative assessment strategies in distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic. <em>Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 37<\/em>(6), 332-391.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2009). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644: \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Allam, S. M. (2009). <em>Alternative educational assessment: Its theoretical foundations, methodology, and field applications<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2012). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Allam, S. M. (2012). <em>Educational and psychological measurement and assessment: Foundations, applications, and contemporary trends<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2014). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644: \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> (\u06372). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Allam, S. M. (2014). <em>Alternative assessment: Its theoretical and methodological foundations and field applications<\/em> (2nd ed.). Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a \u062e\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 7<\/em>(38)\u060c 104-126.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alawi, W. H. M., &amp; Omar, H. K. M. (2023). The use of alternative assessment strategies and their barriers from the perspectives of Arabic language teachers. <em>Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 7<\/em>(38), 104-126.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646. (2020). \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 4<\/em>(43)\u060c 81-101.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Owaidi, W. H., &amp; Al-Harisi, J. H. Z. (2020). Alternative assessment in Arabic language education: Between proponents and opponents. <em>Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 4<\/em>(43), 81-101.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0636. (2024). \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c 1<\/em>(1)\u060c 1-35.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fayoud, I. A. (2024). The effectiveness of a training program based on alternative assessment strategies. <em>Arab Journal of Psychological Research and Special Education, 1<\/em>(1), 1-35.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2012). <em>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/em> (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Muammar, M. M. H. (2012). <em>The effectiveness of blended learning in the academic achievement of intermediate-stage female students<\/em> (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. (2023). \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 7<\/em>(34)\u060c 79-126.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Muntashiri, J. H. B. (2023). The reality of using alternative assessment strategies in the early primary grades. <em>Arab Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 7<\/em>(34), 79-126.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. (2015). <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jordanian Ministry of Education. (2015). <em>Authentic assessment guide<\/em>. Amman: Ministry of Education.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baker, S., &amp; Williams, D. (2023).\u00a0Alternative assessments\u00a0for students with\u00a0developmental disabilities\u00a0in inclusive settings.\u00a0<em>Journal of Developmental\u00a0Disabilities, 45<\/em>(4), 122-138.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Black, P., &amp; Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing the\u00a0theory of formative\u00a0assessment.\u00a0<em>Educational Assessment,\u00a0Evaluation and Accountability, 21<\/em>(1), 5-31.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brookhart, S. M. (2013).\u00a0<em>How to Create\u00a0and Use Rubrics\u00a0for Formative Assessment\u00a0and Grading<\/em>. ASCD.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Casas, M. (2011).\u00a0<em>Enhancing Student Learning\u00a0in Middle School<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Garcia, R., &amp; Rodr\u00edguez, J. (2022). Collaborative assessment\u00a0techniques for students\u00a0with learning disabilities: Impact and implications.\u00a0<em>Journal of Learning\u00a0Disabilities, 55<\/em>(1), 23-36.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hancock, K. (2017). Exploring\u00a0the use of\u00a0alternative assessment\u00a0strategies in special\u00a0education.\u00a0<em>Journal of Special\u00a0Education, 51<\/em>(3), 167-178.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hattie, J. (2012).\u00a0<em>Visible Learning for\u00a0Teachers: Maximizing Impact\u00a0on Learning<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Iskak, K., Thamrin, A., &amp; Cahyono, B. (2023). The implementation\u00a0of diagnostic assessment\u00a0as one of\u00a0the steps to\u00a0improve learning in\u00a0the implementation of\u00a0the independent curriculum.\u00a0<em>JISAE: Journal of\u00a0Indonesian Student Assessment\u00a0and Evaluation<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21009\/jisae.v9i1.32714<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Janisch, C., Liu, X., &amp; Akrofi, A. (2007). Implementing alternative\u00a0assessment: Opportunities\u00a0and obstacles.\u00a0<em>The Educational Forum, 71<\/em>(3), 221-230.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Johnson, R., &amp; Maxwell, C. (2022). Challenges\u00a0in implementing alternative\u00a0assessment strategies in\u00a0large classrooms.\u00a0<em>Educational Review Journal, 38<\/em>(1), 112-126.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Keyser, S., &amp; Howell, L. (2008).\u00a0<em>The State of\u00a0Authentic Assessment<\/em>. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED503679<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u00f3pez, E., &amp; P\u00e9rez, M. (2021). The\u00a0effectiveness of alternative\u00a0assessment methods in\u00a0special education for\u00a0children with physical\u00a0disabilities.\u00a0<em>Educational Assessment,\u00a026<\/em>(2), 132-148.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">McMillan, J. H., &amp; Hearn, J. (2021). Self-assessment: Empowering\u00a0students to take\u00a0charge of their\u00a0learning.\u00a0<em>Educational Researcher,\u00a050<\/em>(6), 378-385.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mueller, J. (2012).\u00a0<em>The Authentic Assessment\u00a0Toolbox: Enhancing Student\u00a0Learning Through Online\u00a0Faculty Development<\/em>. http:\/\/jfmueller.faculty.noctrl.edu<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mueller, J. (2018).\u00a0<em>What Is Authentic\u00a0Assessment?<\/em>\u00a0North Central College. http:\/\/jfmueller.faculty.noctrl.edu\/toolbox\/whatisit.htm<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Roach, A., &amp; Elliott, S. (2006). The\u00a0influence of access\u00a0to general education\u00a0curriculum on alternate\u00a0assessment performance\u00a0of students with\u00a0significant cognitive disabilities.\u00a0<em>Educational Evaluation and\u00a0Policy Analysis, 28<\/em>(2), 181-194.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shinde, S. (2022). Importance of evaluation\u00a0in teaching learning\u00a0process.\u00a0<em>Scholarly Research Journal\u00a0for Humanity Science\u00a0and English Language<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21922\/srjhsel.v10i54.11783<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Smith, J., &amp; Thompson, A. (2020). Alternative\u00a0assessment for students\u00a0with intellectual disabilities: A practical approach.\u00a0<em>International Journal of\u00a0Special Education, 35<\/em>(1), 92-106.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Smith, L., &amp; Kolb, D. (2021). The role of\u00a0project-based learning\u00a0in enhancing critical\u00a0thinking skills.\u00a0<em>Journal of Educational\u00a0Innovation, 45<\/em>(2), 124-138.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17523","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17523"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17523\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17598,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17523\/revisions\/17598"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}