{"id":17510,"date":"2026-08-01T02:05:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T02:05:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-8-20\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T13:02:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T13:02:58","slug":"7-8-20","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-8-20\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 20"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: hamzaalbarqii@gmail.com\u200f<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Hamza Hassan Hamza Al-Barqi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Ph.D. Researcher at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> hamzaalbarqii@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj78\/20' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj78\/20<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/78\/20' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/78\/20<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (8). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 365 - 379<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-07-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-07-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-08-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue8\/7-8-20.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H. H.. (2026). Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Barqi Hamza Hassan Hamza. 2026. \\&quot;Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 8. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Barqi H. H. H.. 2026. Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-08-01. [Cited 2026-08-01]. 7(8). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-8-20\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Barqi H. H. H.. Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-08-01; 7(8). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Barqi H. H. H., \\&quot;Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Barqi Hamza Hassan Hamza. \\&quot;Reconstructing the Concept of the Poets\u2019 Fu\u1e25\u016blah in Arabic Literary Criticism: An Analytical Reading of Abdullah Al-Ma\u1e6d\u0101n\u012b\u2019s Critical Vision.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, 2026-08-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u064a \u062d. \u062d. \u062d. 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https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629. \u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 8\u060c 2026-08-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/20&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div 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\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the concept of poetic mastery (Fuh\u00fclah) in classical Arabic literary criticism through an analytical investigation of Dr. Abdullah Al-Mu't\u0101ni's critical perspective. It aims to explore the historical development of the concept and to examine how Al-Mu't\u0103ni reconstructs its theoretical foundations within the framework of contemporary literary criticism. The study traces the linguistic and technical meanings of  Fuhulah and analyzes its critical formulation in the works of early Arab critics, particularly al-A\u015fma'i and In Sall\u00e4m al-Jumahi. Using a descriptive-analytical approach supported by historical and comparative methods, the study investigates the aesthetic, cultural, and social dimensions of the concept. The findings reveal that Al-Mu'tani moves beyond traditional interpretations that associate poetic mastery with power or tribal superiority, redefining it instead as a multidimensional critical construct based on artistic excellence, stylistic distinction, creative originality, and contextual awareness. Al-Mutani's reinterpretation transforms Fuhulah from a conventional evaluative label into a flexible analytical concept capable of explaining poetic creativity within its historical and cultural contexts, thereby enriching contemporary scholarship on classical Arabic literary criticism.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Fuh\u00fclah; Poetic Mastery; Abdullah Al-Mu&#039;\u021b\u0101ni; Classical Arabic Criticism; al-A\u0219mai; Ibn Sall\u0103m<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/strong> \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0644: \u0641\u062d\u0644&#8221;(<sup><a id=\"post-17510-footnote-ref-1\" href=\"#post-17510-footnote-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644:&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644 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href=\"#post-17510-footnote-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.(<sup><a id=\"post-17510-footnote-ref-23\" href=\"#post-17510-footnote-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u201d \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.(<sup><a id=\"post-17510-footnote-ref-24\" href=\"#post-17510-footnote-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0630\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u00bb: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644\u00bb\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0639\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064d \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\/\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629\/\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\/\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0649. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0642\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u201d.(<sup><a id=\"post-17510-footnote-ref-25\" href=\"#post-17510-footnote-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u00bb \u0633\u0646\u0629 1991) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645) \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a (Conceptual History): \u062a\u0639\u0642\u0651\u0628\u064f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0635\u062f\u064f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0642\u0648\u0629\u064d \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u064f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645. (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0645).\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f: \u0648\u0635\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d:<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u062f\u062d\u064d \u0630\u0648\u0642\u064a\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631: (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642) \u0644\u0627 \u0643\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064d \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221;:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623. \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064e\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a -\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642- \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644\u00bb \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0652\u062b\u0650\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0631: \u00ab\u0641\u064e\u063a\u064f\u0636\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064e \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u064f\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064d\u2026\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u064e\u062c\u0651\u064f \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644\u00bb: \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628. \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064d \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062f: \u00ab\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064f \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0628\u0626\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0650\u00bb\u061b \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u00ab\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0646\u064a\u2026\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0650\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0650\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c. \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u064f\u0639\u0650\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644\u00bb \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u2014\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0642 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645. (1982). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Qutaybah, Abu Muhammad \u2018Abd Allah ibn Muslim. (1982). <em>Poetry and Poets<\/em> (A. M. Shakir, Ed.). Cairo: Dar Al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1993). <em>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/em> (\u0637. 3\u060c \u062c. 11). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Manzur, Muhammad ibn Mukarram ibn \u2018Ali. (1993). <em>Lisan al-\u2018Arab<\/em> (3rd ed., Vol. 11). Beirut: Dar Sader.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628. (1980). <em>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0634. \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0637. 2). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Asma\u2018i, Abu Sa\u2018id \u2018Abd al-Malik ibn Qurayb. (1980). <em>The Preeminence of Poets<\/em> (C. C. Torrey, Ed.; Salah al-Din al-Munajjid, Introduction; 2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jadid.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631. (1991). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0637. 7). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jahiz, Abu \u2018Uthman \u2018Amr ibn Bahr. (1991). <em>Eloquence and Exposition<\/em> (\u2018A. M. Harun, Ed.; 7th ed.). Cairo: Al-Khanji Library.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (1976). <em>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jurjani, \u2018Abd al-Qahir ibn \u2018Abd al-Rahman. (1976). <em>The Secrets of Rhetoric<\/em> (M. M. Shakir, Ed.). Cairo: Al-Madani Press.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. (1980). <em>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062c. 1). \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jumahi, Muhammad ibn Sallam. (1980). <em>Classes of the Preeminent Poets<\/em> (M. M. Shakir, Ed.; Vol. 1). Jeddah: Dar Al-Madani.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2003). <em>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645<\/em> (\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0637. 1\u060c \u062c. 3). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Farahidi, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad. (2003). <em>Kitab al-\u2018Ayn: Arranged Alphabetically<\/em> (\u2018A. Al-Hindawi, Ed.; 1st ed., Vol. 3). Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628. (2005). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0637. 8). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Firuzabadi, Majd al-Din Muhammad ibn Ya\u2018qub. (2005). <em>Al-Qamus al-Muhit<\/em> (Heritage Research Office at Al-Risalah Foundation, Ed.; M. N. Al-\u2018Irqsusi, Supervision; 8th ed.). Beirut: Al-Risalah Foundation for Printing, Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642. (1981). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647<\/em> (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0637. 5). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Qayrawani, Abu \u2018Ali Al-Hasan ibn Rashiq. (1981). <em>Al-\u2018Umda: On the Merits, Principles, and Criticism of Poetry<\/em> (M. M. \u2018Abd al-Hamid, Ed.; 5th ed.). Beirut: Dar Al-Jil.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646. (1983). <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628: \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a<\/em> (\u0637. 4). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2018Abbas, Ihsan. (1983). <em>The History of Literary Criticism among the Arabs: Poetry Criticism from the Second to the Eighth Hijri Century<\/em> (4th ed.). Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2010). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abd al-Dayim, Hasan. (2010). <em>Modern Arabic Criticism: Its Approaches and Issues<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Gharib for Printing, Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645. (1443\u0647\u0640\/2022\u0645). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ma\u2018tani, \u2018Abd Allah ibn Salim. (1443 AH\/2022). <em>Criticism between Distance and Vision<\/em>. Taif: Taif Literary and Cultural Club; Beirut: Dar Al-Intishar Al-\u2018Arabi.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645. (2000). <em>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ma\u2018tani, \u2018Abd Allah ibn Salim. (2000). <em>A New Reading of the Andalusian Muwashshah: The People\u2019s Anthem and the Song of Freedom<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Masri.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2001). <em>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/em> (\u0637. 1). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Matlub, Ahmad. (2001). <em>A Dictionary of Classical Arabic Critical Terms<\/em> (1st ed.). Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0637: 2005\u060c8\u060c \u0635 1041\u0645. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f \u0637\u060c \u062f \u062a\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635 304 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c11\u060c \u0635518. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u06372001 \u060c1\u060c \u0635 309. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371983 \u060c4\u060c \u0635 52. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0634. \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371980 \u060c2\u060c \u0635 5. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628- \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063585. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063553 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063568 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063710\u060c (\u062f \u062a)\u060c \u062c1 \u063521 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 309 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062c\u0661\u060c\u0635\u0662\u0664. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a. \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 1974\u0645\u060c \u063514. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c 1991\u0645\u060c \u063577. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 1982\u0645\u060c \u063552. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063551 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063553 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063563. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063554 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063595 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063556. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647.\u060c \u062a. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c 1981\u0645\u060c \u063567 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631. \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c 1976\u0645\u060c \u0635144. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 1960\u0645\u060c \u063515. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063556 <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"post-17510-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c 2010\u0645\u060c\u0635221. <a href=\"#post-17510-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17510","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17510"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17568,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17510\/revisions\/17568"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}