{"id":17492,"date":"2026-08-01T02:04:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T02:04:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-8-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T12:44:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T12:44:51","slug":"7-8-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-8-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 (138 \u2013 422\u0647\u0640\u0640)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0646\u062c \u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Hamed Ibrahim Al-Ahaidab Qadim\u00b9, Dr. Mohammed Rahmatullah Ahmed Al-Naim\u00b2<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Dalanj, Sudan.<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Sennar, Sudan.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj78\/2' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj78\/2<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/78\/2' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/78\/2<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (8). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 9 - 20<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-07-05 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-07-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-08-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue8\/7-8-2.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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I. H., Al-Naim M. R. A.. (2026). Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/2&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Qadim Hamed Ibrahim Al-Ahaidab, Al-Naim Mohammed Rahmatullah Ahmed. 2026. \\&quot;Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 8. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/2&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Qadim H. I. H., Al-Naim M. R. A.. 2026. Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-08-01. [Cited 2026-08-01]. 7(8). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-8-2\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/2&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Qadim H. I. H., Al-Naim M. R. A.. Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-08-01; 7(8). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/2&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Qadim H. I. H., Al-Naim M. R. A., \\&quot;Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/2&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Qadim Hamed Ibrahim Al-Ahaidab, Al-Naim Mohammed Rahmatullah Ahmed. \\&quot;Libraries and Their Role in the Scholarly Renaissance during the Umayyad Era in al-Andalus (138\u2013422 AH).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, 2026-08-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj78\\\/2&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u062d. \u0625. \u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645. \u0631. \u0623. 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study addresses libraries and their role in the scientific renaissance during the Umayyad period in al-Andalus, considering them one of the most important civilizational pillars that contributed to the flourishing of intellectual and scientific life. The study aims to highlight the emergence and development of libraries, whether public or private, with a focus on the efforts made by the Umayyad caliphs\u2014particularly Caliph al-Hakam II\u2014in collecting books and encouraging authorship and translation. The study adopts a historical-analytical research methodology. It reaches several key findings, most notably that the spread of public and private libraries across various cities of al-Andalus contributed to expanding the base of knowledge, as culture was no longer confined to the elite but became accessible to wider segments of society, leading to a remarkable growth in scientific activity. Furthermore, the patronage of books and libraries by the Umayyad caliphs\u2014especially during the reign of al-Hakam II\u2014resulted in the establishment of vast libraries containing hundreds of thousands of volumes, thereby creating a rich intellectual environment that supported scholarly production and authorship, in addition to other findings. The study recommends strengthening comparative research on the role of libraries in al-Andalus and their counterparts in other civilizations, in order to highlight the uniqueness of the Andalusian experience and its impact on the transmission of knowledge to Europe during the Middle Ages.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Al-Andalus, the Umayyads, libraries, scholarship, books.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a 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\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u064f\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0650\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f 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\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2\/ <\/strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3\/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4\/ \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5\/ \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a. (1985). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u06372\u060c \u062c2). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0635\u0635 101\u2013102.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn al-Abbar, Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Quda\u2018i al-Balansi. (1985). Al-Hulla al-Siyara [The Resplendent Garment] (Husayn Mu\u2019nis, Ed., 2nd ed., Vol. 2). Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif, pp. 101\u2013102. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u064a. (1997). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062c4). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0635 562.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Abi al-Karam Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Shaybani al-Jazari. (1997). Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh [The Complete History] (Umar Abd al-Salam Tadmuri, Ed., 1st ed., Vol. 4). Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, p. 562. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a. (1989). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0635 298\u060c 654.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Bashkuwal, Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Mas\u2018ud al-Ansari al-Khazraji al-Qurtubi. (1989). Al-Sila fi Tarikh A\u2019immat al-Andalus [The Continuation: A History of the Scholars of al-Andalus] (Ibrahim al-Abyari, Ed., Vol. 1). Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Misri; Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Lubnani, pp. 298, 654. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. (1962). \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0635 92.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi, Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa\u2018id. (1962). Jamharat Ansab al-Arab [A Compendium of Arab Genealogies] (Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun, Ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif, p. 92. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. (2003). \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 139.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn al-Khatib, Lisan al-Din Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Salmani. (2003). A\u2018mal al-A\u2018lam [Deeds of Notable Figures] (Sayyid Kisrawi Hasan, Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, p. 139. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1992). \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 (\u062c4). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0635 146\u060c 418.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad. (1992). Kitab al-Ibar wa-Diwan al-Mubtada\u2019 wa-l-Khabar [The Book of Lessons and the Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs, Persians, Berbers, and Their Powerful Contemporaries] (Vol. 4). Beirut: Maktabat Lubnan, pp. 146, 418. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062c1\u20132). \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u061b \u062c1\u060c \u0635 184\u061b \u062c2\u060c \u0635\u0635 24\u060c 297.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (2013). Al-Bayan al-Mughrib fi Ikhtisar Akhbar Muluk al-Andalus wa-l-Maghrib [The Amazing Exposition in Summarizing the History of the Kings of al-Andalus and the Maghreb] (Bashshar Awwad Ma\u2018ruf &amp; Mahmud Bashshar Awwad Ma\u2018ruf, Eds., 1st ed., Vols. 1\u20132). Tunis: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami; Vol. 1, p. 184; Vol. 2, pp. 24, 297. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. (1953). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641\u060c \u062c1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635 324.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Sa\u2018id al-Andalusi, Ali ibn Musa. (1953). Al-Mughrib fi Hula al-Maghrib [The Book of the Maghreb on the Adornments of the Maghreb] (Zaki Muhammad Hasan, Shawqi Dayf, &amp; Sayyida Ismail Kashif, Eds., Vol. 1). Cairo: Fuad I University Press, p. 324. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1998). \u0646\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062c1\u20133). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u061b \u062c1\u060c \u0635\u0635 198\u060c 201\u060c 371\u061b \u062c2\u060c \u0635 418\u061b \u062c3\u060c \u0635 380.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (1998). Nafh al-Tib min Ghusn al-Andalus al-Ratib wa-Dhikr Waziriha Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib [The Fragrant Breath from the Moist Branch of al-Andalus and the Account of Its Vizier, Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib] (Ihsan Abbas, Ed., Vols. 1\u20133). Beirut: Dar Sadir; Vol. 1, pp. 198, 201, 371; Vol. 2, p. 418; Vol. 3, p. 380. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0646. (1960). \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f.\u0646.\u060c \u0635\u0635 81\u201382.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">von Grunebaum, Gustave E. (1960). Hadarat al-Islam [Civilization of Islam] (Abd al-Aziz Tawfiq Jawid, Trans.; Abd al-Hamid al-Abbadi, Rev.). Cairo: Publisher not identified, pp. 81\u201382. [Arabic translation]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642. (1982). \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0635 39.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Halwaji, Abd al-Sattar Abd al-Haqq. (1982). Glimpses from the History of Books and Libraries. Cairo: Dar al-Thaqafa, p. 39. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631. (1970). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0635 86\u060c 96.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamada, Muhammad Mahir. (1970). Libraries in Islam: Their Origins, Development, and Destinies. Beirut: Mu\u2019assasat al-Risala, pp. 86, 96. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a. (1998). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 (\u06371). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0635\u0635 101\u2013103.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Diab, Hamid al-Shafi\u2018i. (1998). Books and Libraries in al-Andalus (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar Quba for Printing, Publishing, and Distribution, pp. 101\u2013103. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646. (1958\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 4(1)\u060c 54.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ribera, Juli\u00e1n. (1958, May). Libraries and bibliophiles in Muslim Spain. Journal of the Institute of Arabic Manuscripts, 4(1), 54. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. (1997). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0635 295\u060c 313\u2013315.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salem, Al-Sayyid Abd al-Aziz. (1997). The History of Muslims and Their Monuments in al-Andalus. Alexandria: Mu\u2019assasat Shabab al-Jami\u2018a, pp. 295, 313\u2013315. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631. (1996). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0635 56.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Abbadi, Ahmad Mukhtar. (1996). Studies in the History of the Maghreb and al-Andalus. Alexandria: Mu\u2019assasat Shabab al-Jami\u2018a, p. 56. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631. (1998). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0635 420.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Abbadi, Ahmad Mukhtar. (1998). Studies in Abbasid and Andalusian History. Beirut: Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiyya for Printing and Publishing, p. 420. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1997). \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 (\u06374\u060c \u062c1\u20132). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u061b \u062c1\u060c \u0635\u0635 71\u060c 135\u061b \u062c2\u060c \u0635\u0635 504\u2013507.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anan, Muhammad Abd Allah. (1997). The State of Islam in al-Andalus (4th ed., Vols. 1\u20132). Cairo: Maktabat al-Khanji; Vol. 1, pp. 71, 135; Vol. 2, pp. 504\u2013507. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2017). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062c1). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0635 256.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kurd Ali, Muhammad. (2017). Islam and Arab Civilization (Vol. 1). Cairo: Hindawi Foundation, p. 256. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641. (2021). \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0635 410\u060c 412.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le Bon, Gustave. (2021). The Civilization of the Arabs (Adil Zu\u2018aytir, Trans.). Cairo: Hindawi Foundation for Publishing and Culture, pp. 410, 412. [Arabic translation]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1992). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0635 289\u060c 328.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mu\u2019nis, Husayn. (1992). The History of Muslims in al-Andalus. Cairo: Dar al-Rashad, pp. 289, 328. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1997). \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0635 210\u060c 384\u2013385.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mu\u2019nis, Husayn. (1997). Landmarks in the History of the Maghreb and al-Andalus. Cairo: Dar al-Rashad, pp. 210, 384\u2013385. [In Arabic]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17492","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17492"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17492\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17531,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17492\/revisions\/17531"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}